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Electromagnetic Waves, Antennas and Sensor Technologies in Modern Biomedical and Environmental Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 3207

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Simona Miclaus

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy, 550170 Sibiu, Romania
Interests: bioelectromagnetic interaction; radiofrequency & microwave dosimetry; human exposure to non-ionizing radiation; magnetic hyperthermia; biogenic magnetite
Dr. Raquel Cruz Conceição

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: microwave imaging; classification; machine learning; breast cancer; biomedical engineering; modelling; simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Marco Donald Migliore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DIEI, Universitá di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via Di Biasio and ELEDIA@UniCAS, 03043 Cassino, Italy
Interests: antennas and propagation; fast antenna diagnosis; MIMO antennas; 5G communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue delves into the forefront of applications in biomedical and environmental sciences, harnessing advancements in electromagnetic wave utilization, antenna design, and sensor technologies. The core focus lies in exploring how these technologies are revolutionizing both medical and environmental monitoring, enhancing diagnostic precision, and enabling as-of-yet unprecedented insights. 

The selected topics highlight cutting-edge research areas like 5G/6G networks for remote healthcare and environmental monitoring, the application of metamaterials in biomedical sensors, and the integration of machine learning in analyzing biomedical and environmental data. These topics closely align with the journal's emphasis on innovative and advanced sensor technologies. 

Moreover, the inclusion of topics like sustainable energy harvesting for biomedical and environmental sensors, wireless security protocols for medical and environmental sensor networks, and biocompatible wearable sensors reflects emerging trends and future directions in biomedical and environmental sensor research. This Special Issue aims to foster a deeper understanding of how these advancements are shaping the future of healthcare, environmental conservation, and precision monitoring in both biomedical and environmental applications. 

Topics:

  • Advanced biomedical antennas for wireless health monitoring—exploring innovative antenna designs for the wireless transmission of biomedical data in real-time health monitoring systems;
  • High-frequency electromagnetic waves in biomedical imaging—investigating the application of high-frequency electromagnetic waves to enhance imaging resolution in medical diagnostics;
  • Sensors and experimental methodologies for the precise control of human  electromagnetic exposure in environmental and bioelectromagnetics systems;
  • Advanced remote sensing technologies for environmental monitoring;
  • IoT-based environmental sensor networks;
  • Electromagnetic wave propagation in environmental sensing;
  • Wireless sensor networks for disaster management;
  • Antennas and sensors for climate change studies. 

Dr. Simona Miclaus
Dr. Raquel Cruz Conceição
Prof. Dr. Marco Donald Migliore
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomedical applications
  • environmental monitoring
  • electromagnetic waves
  • antenna design
  • sensor technologies
  • wireless communication
  • IoMT (Internet of Medical Things)
  • metamaterials
  • signal processing
  • 5G/6G networks
  • medical imaging
  • precision diagnostics

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2739 KiB  
Article
Reproducibility of Electromagnetic Field Simulations of Local Radiofrequency Transmit Elements Tailored for 7 T MRI
by Max Joris Hubmann, Bilguun Nurzed, Sam-Luca Hansen, Robert Kowal, Natalie Schön, Daniel Wenz, Nandita Saha, Max Lutz, Thomas M. Fiedler, Stephan Orzada, Lukas Winter, Boris Keil, Holger Maune, Oliver Speck and Thoralf Niendorf
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061867 - 17 Mar 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
The literature reports on radiofrequency (RF) transmit (Tx) elements tailored for ultrahigh-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed confounded reproducibility due to variations in simulation tools, modeling assumptions, and meshing techniques. This study proposes a standardized methodology to improve reproducibility and consistency across [...] Read more.
The literature reports on radiofrequency (RF) transmit (Tx) elements tailored for ultrahigh-field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed confounded reproducibility due to variations in simulation tools, modeling assumptions, and meshing techniques. This study proposes a standardized methodology to improve reproducibility and consistency across research sites (testers) and simulation tools (testing conditions). The methodology includes detailed simulation workflow and performance metrics for RF Tx elements. The impact of the used mesh setting is assessed. Following the methodology, a reproducibility study was conducted using CST Microwave Studio Suite, HFSS, and Sim4Life. The methodology and simulations were ultimately validated through 7 T MRI phantom experiments. The reproducibility study showed consistent performance with less than 6% standard deviation for B1+ fields and 12% for peak SAR averaged over 10 g tissue (pSAR10g). The SAR efficiency metric (|B1+|/√pSAR10g) was particularly robust (<5%). The simulated and experimental |B1+| maps showed good qualitative agreement. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a standardized methodology for achieving reproducible RF Tx element electromagnetic field simulations. By following the FAIR principles including making the framework publicly available, we promote transparency and collaboration within the MRI community, supporting the advancement of technological innovation and improving patient safety in UHF-MRI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves, Antennas and Sensor Technologies in Modern Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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23 pages, 11488 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Wideband Single-Layer Reflectarray Antenna for Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring
by Annal Joy J, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, Sachin Kumar, Malathi Kanagasabai and Ladislau Matekovits
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030954 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 575
Abstract
In this article, a wideband single-layer reflectarray antenna for Ku-band applications is presented. The proposed reflectarray antenna is suitable for applications such as fixed satellite service (FSS), broadcasting satellite service (BSS), earth exploration satellite service (EESS), remote sensing, and environmental monitoring. The developed [...] Read more.
In this article, a wideband single-layer reflectarray antenna for Ku-band applications is presented. The proposed reflectarray antenna is suitable for applications such as fixed satellite service (FSS), broadcasting satellite service (BSS), earth exploration satellite service (EESS), remote sensing, and environmental monitoring. The developed single element of the proposed reflectarray antenna is made up of a horizontal strip, discrete vertical strips of varying sizes, and circular structures. The reflectarray antenna has 441 elements arranged on a square aperture made of Rogers 5880 substrate, measuring 21 cm × 21 cm. The maximum gain obtained is 26.31 dBi, with a bandwidth of 15.4% of 1 dB gain. The achieved aperture efficiency is 44.4%. The obtained cross-polarizations are less than −21.46 dB for the E-plane and −25.27 dB for the H-plane. The side lobe level is found below −15.06 dB in the E plane and −15.7 dB in the H plane. The side lobe level is minimal at 13.5 GHz, measuring less than −18.2 dB and −18.5 dB in the E and H planes, respectively. The reflectarray antenna designed has a fractional bandwidth of 40%. Hence, the developed antenna is suitable for wide Ku-band applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves, Antennas and Sensor Technologies in Modern Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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21 pages, 9714 KiB  
Article
3D Metamaterials Facilitate Human Cardiac MRI at 21.0 Tesla: A Proof-of-Concept Study
by Bilguun Nurzed, Nandita Saha, Jason M. Millward and Thoralf Niendorf
Sensors 2025, 25(3), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030620 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 747
Abstract
The literature reports highlight the transmission field (B1+) uniformity and efficiency constraints of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultrahigh magnetic fields (UHF). This simulation study proposes a 3D Metamaterial (MM) to address these challenges. The study proposes a [...] Read more.
The literature reports highlight the transmission field (B1+) uniformity and efficiency constraints of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultrahigh magnetic fields (UHF). This simulation study proposes a 3D Metamaterial (MM) to address these challenges. The study proposes a 3D MM consisting of unit cells (UC) with split ring resonator (SRR) layers immersed in dielectric material glycerol. Implementing the proposed MM design aims to reduce the effective thickness and weight of the dielectric material while shaping B1+ and improving the penetration depth. The latter is dictated by the chosen array size, where small local UC arrays can focus B1+ and larger UC arrays can increase the field of view, at the cost of a lower penetration depth. Designing RF antennas that can effectively transmit at 21.0 T while maintaining patient safety and comfort is challenging. Using Self-Grounded Bow-Tie (SGBT) antennas in conjunction with the proposed MM demonstrated enhanced B1+ efficiency and uniformity across the human heart without signal voids. The study employed dynamic parallel transmission with tailored kT points to homogenize the 3D flip angle over the whole heart. This proof-of-concept study provides the technical foundation for human cardiac MRI at 21.0 T. Such numerical simulations are mandatory precursors for the realization of whole-body human UHF MR instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves, Antennas and Sensor Technologies in Modern Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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18 pages, 8581 KiB  
Article
Scalp-Implanted Ultra-Wideband Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna for Biotelemetry Systems
by Zhiwei Song, Youwei Shi, Xianren Zheng and Yuchao Wang
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7522; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237522 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 839
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative, compact, dual-element, implantable, ultra-wideband, circularly polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed to operate within the 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band, and both of its radiating units are circularly polarized antennas with polarization diversity. Specifically, antenna-1 exhibits [...] Read more.
This paper presents an innovative, compact, dual-element, implantable, ultra-wideband, circularly polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed to operate within the 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band, and both of its radiating units are circularly polarized antennas with polarization diversity. Specifically, antenna-1 exhibits left-handed circular polarization properties, while antenna-2 demonstrates right-handed circular polarization properties. The slots in the radiating patch and ground plane help the antenna achieve 690 MHz (2.14–2.83 GHz) ultra-wide bandwidth characteristics and circularly polarized characteristics. Additionally, a slit connecting two U-slots on the ground plane allows the antenna to achieve a wide effective circularly polarized axial ratio bandwidth of 400 MHz (2.23–2.63 GHz). The antenna is compact, with dimensions of 0.065 × 0.057 × 0.0042 λ03 (λ0 represents the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency). The proposed antenna system’s performance was evaluated with a seven-layer homogeneous human head model, a real human head model, and minced pork. This evaluation revealed that the antenna attained a peak gain of −24.1 dBi and an isolation level of 27.5 dB. Furthermore, the assessment included the antenna’s link margin (LM), key MIMO channel characteristics, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) metrics. The results indicate that the antenna performs exceptionally well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves, Antennas and Sensor Technologies in Modern Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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