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Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology
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Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2024) | Viewed by 10947

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ørjan Grøttem Martinsen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1.Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway
2. Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
Interests: electrical bioimpedance; biomedical sensors; electrodes and electrode systems; analog electronics; memristors
Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
Interests: energy harvesting; nanocompsoites; design of sensors and sensors systems; impedance spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. It facilitates the measurement of quantities that cannot be directly accessed, upholds a high level of measurement precision, and permits the simultaneous measurement of multiple quantities. EIS has been proven to be a useful tool for the analysis of interfacial or bulk electrical properties of the electrode, which can be used to quantitatively determine electrochemical processes. EIS enables label-free detection with a high signal-to noise ratio amenable to on-site analysis. It delivers comprehensive insights into materials and systems while being non-intrusive and highly efficient in terms of the measurement time, procedures, and potential for integration into embedded systems.

To highlight the recent advances in the development of electrical impedance spectroscopy technology, MDPI’s Sensors is publishing a Special Issue on “Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology”. We are seeking contributions in the form of original research and review articles, covering topics including but not limited to the following:

  • Material testing and characterization;
  • Corrosion and coatings;
  • Bioimpedance spectroscopy for bio- and medical applications;
  • Sensors, biosensors, and electrochemical sensors;
  • Energy storage, batteries, and capacitors;
  • Food characterization
  • Components and system design of impedance spectroscopy measurement devices
  • Signal processing, modeling and artificial intelligence for impedance spectroscopy

Prof. Dr. Ørjan Grøttem Martinsen
Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 5713 KiB  
Article
Temperature and Frequency Dependence of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Dielectric Parameters
by Weice Wang, Mingxu Zhu, Benyuan Liu, Weichen Li, Yu Wang, Junyao Li, Qingdong Guo, Fang Du, Canhua Xu and Xuetao Shi
Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7394; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227394 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 948
Abstract
Accurate human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dielectric parameters are critical for biological electromagnetic applications such as the electromagnetic field modelling of the human brain, the localization and intensity assessment of electrical generators in the brain, and electromagnetic protection. To detect brain damage signals during [...] Read more.
Accurate human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dielectric parameters are critical for biological electromagnetic applications such as the electromagnetic field modelling of the human brain, the localization and intensity assessment of electrical generators in the brain, and electromagnetic protection. To detect brain damage signals during temperature changes by electrical impedance tomography (EIT), the change in CSF dielectric parameters with frequency (10 Hz–100 MHz) and temperature (17–39 °C) was investigated. A Debye model was first established to capture the complex impedance frequency and temperature characteristics. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis based on the dielectric parameters of normal and diseased CSF was carried out to identify lesions. The Debye model’s characteristic fc parameters linearly increased with increasing temperature (R2 = 0.989), and R0 and R1 linearly decreased (R2 = 0.990). The final established formula can calculate the complex impedivity of CSF with a maximum fitting error of 3.79%. Furthermore, the ROC based on the real part of impedivity at 10 Hz and 17 °C yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.898 with a specificity of 0.889 and a sensitivity of 0.944. These findings are expected to facilitate the application of electromagnetic technology, such as disease diagnosis, specific absorption rate calculation, and biosensor design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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17 pages, 5180 KiB  
Article
Modeling Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Using Time-Dependent Finite Element Method
by Yawar Abbas, Laura van Smeden, Alwin R. M. Verschueren, Marcel A. G. Zevenbergen and Jos F. M. Oudenhoven
Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7264; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227264 - 13 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1734
Abstract
A time-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) model is presented using the finite element method (FEM) to simulate a 2D interdigitated electrode in an aqueous NaCl electrolyte. Developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, the model incorporates ion transport, electric field distribution, Stern layer effects, and electrode [...] Read more.
A time-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) model is presented using the finite element method (FEM) to simulate a 2D interdigitated electrode in an aqueous NaCl electrolyte. Developed in COMSOL Multiphysics, the model incorporates ion transport, electric field distribution, Stern layer effects, and electrode sheet resistance, governed by the Poisson and Nernst–Planck equations. This model can predict the transient current response to an applied excitation voltage, which gives information about the dynamics of the electrochemical system. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, reproducing key features of the measurements. The transient current response indicates the need for multiple excitation cycles to stabilize the impedance measurement. At low frequencies (<1 kHz), the voltage drop at the Stern layer is significant, while at higher frequencies (>100 kHz), the voltage drop due to sheet resistance dominates. Moreover, the amplitude of the excitation voltage influences the EIS measurement, higher amplitudes (above 0.1 V) lead to non-linear impedance behavior, particularly at low ion concentrations. Discrepancies at low frequencies suggest that Faradaic processes may need to be incorporated for improved accuracy. Overall, this model provides quantitative insights for optimizing EIS sensor design and highlights critical factors for high-frequency and low-concentration conditions, laying the foundation for future biosensing applications with functionalized electrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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16 pages, 3279 KiB  
Article
Explainable Feature Engineering for Multi-Modal Tissue State Monitoring Based on Impedance Spectroscopy
by Mahdi Guermazi, Ahmed Yahia Kallel and Olfa Kanoun
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165209 - 12 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1178
Abstract
One of the most promising approaches to food quality assessments is the use of impedance spectroscopy combined with machine learning. Thereby, feature selection is decisive for a high classification accuracy. Physically based features have particularly significant advantages because they are able to consider [...] Read more.
One of the most promising approaches to food quality assessments is the use of impedance spectroscopy combined with machine learning. Thereby, feature selection is decisive for a high classification accuracy. Physically based features have particularly significant advantages because they are able to consider prior knowledge and to concentrate the data into pertinent understandable information, building a solid basis for classification. In this study, we aim to identify physically based measurable features for muscle type and freshness classifications of bovine meat based on impedance spectroscopy measurements. We carry out a combined study where features are ranked based on their F1-score, cumulative feature selection, and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE). In terms of features, we analyze the characteristic points (CPs) of the impedance spectrum and the model parameters (MPs) obtained by fitting a physical model to the measurements. The results show that either MPs or CPs alone are sufficient for detecting muscle type. Combining capacitance (C) and extracellular resistance (Rex) or the modulus of the characteristic point Z1 and the phase at the characteristic frequency of the beta dispersion (Phi2) leads to accurate separation. In contrast, the detection of freshness is more challenging. It requires more distinct features. We achieved a 90% freshness separation using the MPs describing intracellular resistance (Rin) and capacitance (C). A 95.5% freshness separation was achieved by considering the phase at the end of the beta dispersion (Phi3) and Rin. Including additional features related to muscle type improves the separability of samples; ultimately, a 99.6% separation can be achieved by selecting the appropriate features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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14 pages, 2409 KiB  
Article
Cell–Electrode Models for Impedance Analysis of Epithelial and Endothelial Monolayers Cultured on Microelectrodes
by Wei-Chih Chiu, Wei-Ling Chen, Yi-Ting Lai, Yu-Han Hung and Chun-Min Lo
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4214; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134214 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1293
Abstract
Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing has been used to measure transepithelial and transendothelial impedances of cultured cell layers and extract cell parameters such as junctional resistance, cell–substrate separation, and membrane capacitance. Previously, a three-path cell–electrode model comprising two transcellular pathways and one paracellular pathway [...] Read more.
Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing has been used to measure transepithelial and transendothelial impedances of cultured cell layers and extract cell parameters such as junctional resistance, cell–substrate separation, and membrane capacitance. Previously, a three-path cell–electrode model comprising two transcellular pathways and one paracellular pathway was developed for the impedance analysis of MDCK cells. By ignoring the resistances of the lateral intercellular spaces, we develop a simplified three-path model for the impedance analysis of epithelial cells and solve the model equations in a closed form. The calculated impedance values obtained from this simplified cell–electrode model at frequencies ranging from 31.25 Hz to 100 kHz agree well with the experimental data obtained from MDCK and OVCA429 cells. We also describe how the change in each model-fitting parameter influences the electrical impedance spectra of MDCK cell layers. By assuming that the junctional resistance is much smaller than the specific impedance through the lateral cell membrane, the simplified three-path model reduces to a two-path model, which can be used for the impedance analysis of endothelial cells and other disk-shaped cells with low junctional resistances. The measured impedance spectra of HUVEC and HaCaT cell monolayers nearly coincide with the impedance data calculated from the two-path model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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12 pages, 3150 KiB  
Communication
On-Chip Impedance Spectroscopy of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells
by Nitipong Panklang, Boonchai Techaumnat, Nutthaphong Tanthanuch, Kesinee Chotivanich, Mati Horprathum and Michihiko Nakano
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103186 - 17 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The development of accurate and efficient methods for the detection of malaria-infected cells is crucial for effective disease management and control. This paper presents the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [...] Read more.
Malaria is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The development of accurate and efficient methods for the detection of malaria-infected cells is crucial for effective disease management and control. This paper presents the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of normal and malaria-infected red blood cells. An EIS microfluidic device, comprising a microchannel and a pair of coplanar electrodes, was fabricated for single-cell measurements in a continuous manner. Based on the EIS results, the aim of this work is to discriminate Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells from the normal ones. Different from typical impedance spectroscopy, our measurement was performed for the cells in a low-conductivity medium in a frequency range between 50 kHz and 800 kHz. Numerical simulation was utilized to study the suitability parameters of the microchannel and electrodes for the EIS experiment over the measurement frequencies. The measurement results have shown that by using the low-conductivity medium, we could focus on the change in the conductance caused by the presence of a cell in the sensing electrode gap. The results indicated a distinct frequency spectrum of the conductance between the normal and infected red blood cells, which can be further used for the detection of the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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39 pages, 24480 KiB  
Article
Development of a Smart Wireless Multisensor Platform for an Optogenetic Brain Implant
by André B. Cunha, Christin Schuelke, Alireza Mesri, Simen K. Ruud, Aleksandra Aizenshtadt, Giorgio Ferrari, Arto Heiskanen, Afia Asif, Stephan S. Keller, Tania Ramos-Moreno, Håvard Kalvøy, Alberto Martínez-Serrano, Stefan Krauss, Jenny Emnéus, Marco Sampietro and Ørjan G. Martinsen
Sensors 2024, 24(2), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020575 - 16 Jan 2024
Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Implantable cell replacement therapies promise to completely restore the function of neural structures, possibly changing how we currently perceive the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major clinical hurdles for the routine implementation of stem cell therapies is poor cell retention and [...] Read more.
Implantable cell replacement therapies promise to completely restore the function of neural structures, possibly changing how we currently perceive the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major clinical hurdles for the routine implementation of stem cell therapies is poor cell retention and survival, demanding the need to better understand these mechanisms while providing precise and scalable approaches to monitor these cell-based therapies in both pre-clinical and clinical scenarios. This poses significant multidisciplinary challenges regarding planning, defining the methodology and requirements, prototyping and different stages of testing. Aiming toward an optogenetic neural stem cell implant controlled by a smart wireless electronic frontend, we show how an iterative development methodology coupled with a modular design philosophy can mitigate some of these challenges. In this study, we present a miniaturized, wireless-controlled, modular multisensor platform with fully interfaced electronics featuring three different modules: an impedance analyzer, a potentiostat and an optical stimulator. We show the application of the platform for electrical impedance spectroscopy-based cell monitoring, optical stimulation to induce dopamine release from optogenetically modified neurons and a potentiostat for cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection of dopamine release. The multisensor platform is designed to be used as an opto-electric headstage for future in vivo animal experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Technology)
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