Safety

Research

25 pages, 2184 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ergonomic Innovation in Selective Persian Lime Harvesting: Validation of a Flexible Harvesting Tool in Agricultural Work Environments of Veracruz, Mexico

by Edgar Arroyo-Huerta, Luis Enrique García-Santamaría, Gregorio Fernández-Lambert, Yesica Mayett-Moreno, Eduardo Fernández-Echeverría, Marieli Lavoignet-Ruiz and Margarito Landa-Zárate

Safety 2026, 12(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12020034 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Citrus production in Mexico relies predominantly on manual labor and traditional harvesting tools, which are often associated with physical overload, awkward postures, and reduced productivity. This study presents an exploratory, perception-based field evaluation of the BLIMPER, an early-stage ergonomic harvesting prototype designed for [...] Read more.

Citrus production in Mexico relies predominantly on manual labor and traditional harvesting tools, which are often associated with physical overload, awkward postures, and reduced productivity. This study presents an exploratory, perception-based field evaluation of the BLIMPER, an early-stage ergonomic harvesting prototype designed for selective Persian lime collection. A total of 93 citrus harvesters participated through snowball sampling. A structured 33-item questionnaire was administered, covering five perception dimensions and open-ended comments. The instrument was expert-validated and demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.85). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Welch’s t-test for gender-based comparisons, and Hedges’ g to estimate the magnitude of the difference between groups. A modified Kano model was applied to classify perceived tool attributes and identify priorities for design refinement. The results indicated that 83–85% of respondents valued material strength, 64–70% approved of the unloading system, and 67–75% perceived reduced fatigue in the shoulders and lower back. The findings should be interpreted as an initial ergonomic validation based on user perceptions under real working conditions, rather than as evidence of readiness for large-scale deployment. The BLIMPER prototype shows potential to improve comfort and posture, while highlighting design aspects—weight distribution, mobility, and material selection—that require further optimization overall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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15 pages, 3132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ergonomic Benefits of Prismatic Deflection Loupes in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Biomechanical and Psychometric Evaluation

by Jenny N. Wang, Brian Ngo, Michael Madsen, Josephine Lu, Christine E. King, Benjamin K. Young, Kourosh Shahraki and Donny W. Suh

Safety 2026, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010024 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 742

Abstract

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a [...] Read more.

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a post-task 10-point Likert survey assessed comfort and related perceptions. Side-profile photos provided craniovertebral angles, which fed a trigometric model to estimate cervical spine loading (lbf) per condition. Relative to TTL, PDLs reduced upper trapezius activation by 17.2% (p = 0.009); relative to no loupe, PDL reductions were significant (p = 0.004). The TTL and no-loupe conditions did not differ significantly (p = 0.42). Comfort was highest for PDLs (7.8/10 on average); perceived strain was lowest with PDLs. CV angle and estimated cervical load were strongly inversely correlated (R² = 0.94, p < 0.001). PDLs appear to reduce neck/shoulder muscle activity and cervical loading while enhancing comfort, supporting ergonomic value in ophthalmic surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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29 pages, 2818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ergonomic Optimization of Assembly Workstations: Effects on Productivity and Mental Workload

by Marija Savković, Marko Djapan, Carlo Caiazzo, Miloš Pušica, Arso Vukićević, Dragan Marinković and Nikola Komatina

Safety 2026, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010015 - 29 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1804

Abstract

The main aim of this research paper is to improve the effectiveness of production processes through ergonomic optimization of industrial workstations where workers perform repetitive, monotonous assembly tasks. The study analyzes the impact of applying ergonomic and lean principles, standard of “the golden [...] Read more.

The main aim of this research paper is to improve the effectiveness of production processes through ergonomic optimization of industrial workstations where workers perform repetitive, monotonous assembly tasks. The study analyzes the impact of applying ergonomic and lean principles, standard of “the golden zone standard” in the design of assembly workstations on participants’ brain activity and productivity, as well as on the quality of the final products in traditional (non-ergonomic) and ergonomic scenario. The results indicated significant differences in brain activity patterns between the two scenarios, revealing higher levels of mental workload during assembly tasks in the non-ergonomic scenario for all participants. Furthermore, improvements in production processes were observed, including increased productivity; specifically, the average mental workload was reduced by approximately 35% in the ergonomic scenario, accompanied by an approximately 5% increase in productivity and an approximately 8% reduction in working time. The obtained results provide a foundation for improving the design of assembly workstations in industrial environments, as well as contributing to a broader understanding of the importance of ergonomics in the optimization of industrial processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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15 pages, 633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Lower Back Pain and Associated Workplace and Ergonomic Factors among Mineworkers in a Nickel Mine, Zimbabwe

by Kumbirai P. Zenda, Phoka C. Rathebe, Tshepo P. Moto, Daniel M. Masekameni and Thokozani P. Mbonane

Safety 2024, 10(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030081 - 16 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6230

Abstract

Lower back pain is a common occurrence among mine workers due to the nature of their work. Globally, workplace (occupational) and ergonomic risk factors have been reported to influence the prevalence of lower back pain among workers. This study aimed to determine ergonomic [...] Read more.

Lower back pain is a common occurrence among mine workers due to the nature of their work. Globally, workplace (occupational) and ergonomic risk factors have been reported to influence the prevalence of lower back pain among workers. This study aimed to determine ergonomic risk factors associated with lower back pain and associated risk factors (workplace and ergonomics) among mineworkers in a nickel mine in Zimbabwe. A cross-sectional study design was employed, and participants were randomly selected to complete a questionnaire that included the Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (DMQ). A total of 420 mine workers were interviewed, with the majority being male (n = 259, 61.7%) and aged between 31 and 44 years old (n = 159, 37.9%). The study found that the prevalence of lower back pain was 41.43% (n = 174). Several risk factors were found to be associated with lower back pain, including working overtime (AOR = 1.13, p < 0.01; 95% CI: 0.07–0.22), performing repetitive tasks (AOR = 8.06, p < 0.01; 95% CI: 4.67–13.93), bending (AOR = 7.77, p < 0.01; 95% CI: 3.97–15.22), and twisting (AOR = 3.32, p < 0.01; 95% CI: 1.83–6.03). Based on these findings, it is recommended that an ergonomic risk assessment and prevention program be implemented, which should include educational awareness about lower back pain and its prevention among mine workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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17 pages, 1407 KB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective Effects of Using a Passive Upper Limb Exoskeleton for Industrial Textile Workers

by Edda Maria Capodaglio, Federica Amitrano, Armando Coccia, Vittorio Gabba, Gaetano Pagano, Giovanni D’Addio and Monica Panigazzi

Safety 2024, 10(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030059 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3387

Abstract

Industrial wool textile production exposes workers mainly to the biomechanical loading of the shoulder joint. In this work context, which is characterized by poor machine ergonomics, exposure to biomechanical risk factors, and variable work organization, exoskeletons could facilitate work processes or could be [...] Read more.

Industrial wool textile production exposes workers mainly to the biomechanical loading of the shoulder joint. In this work context, which is characterized by poor machine ergonomics, exposure to biomechanical risk factors, and variable work organization, exoskeletons could facilitate work processes or could be a valuable means to protect workers from overuse injuries. Field evaluation is essential to verify the suitability of specific devices and their acceptance by users. As part of a pilot study, we examined the short-term subjective effects of a passive Arm-Support Exoskeleton (ASE) on workers performing repetitive overhead tasks. In a textile factory, eight workers participated in the study, answering questionnaires after carrying out a work session with (ASE) and without an exoskeleton (FREE). Participants had been using the Paexo exoskeleton for

4.2 \pm 5.8

months (min 0–max 12). Subjective evaluations were collected regarding the workload (NASA-TLX) and relief (Borg’s CR10 scale) obtained from the use of the exoskeleton, satisfaction (Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST)), usability (System Usability Scale (SUS)), and opinions on the ergonomics of the device (Ergonomics questionnaire). Workers reported a high workload (NASA

7.2 \pm 1.0

) and assessed a 46% reduction in effort on the CR10 in ASE conditions compared to FREE. They expressed high satisfaction with most characteristics of the ASE (100% satisfied with durability and effectiveness), high level of usability (62% of scores above 80, out of a maximum score of 100), and ergonomics of the device (

88 \pm 12

, out of a maximum score of 110). In addition to the objective effects (electromyography (EMG) reduction) already demonstrated in a previous publication, these qualitative results demonstrate a positive perception by textile workers regarding the effectiveness, usability, and suitability of the exoskeleton. The adoption of ASE in the textile industry appears beneficial in the short term, but the impact associated with individual variables and long-term effects remains to be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

41 pages, 701 KB

Open AccessReview

New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing for Occupational Risks Prevention

by Natalia Orviz-Martínez, Efrén Pérez-Santín and José Ignacio López-Sánchez

Safety 2026, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010007 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1396

Abstract

In an increasingly technologized and automated world, workplace safety and health remain a major global challenge. After decades of regulatory frameworks and substantial technical and organizational advances, the expanding interaction between humans and machines and the growing complexity of work systems are gaining [...] Read more.

In an increasingly technologized and automated world, workplace safety and health remain a major global challenge. After decades of regulatory frameworks and substantial technical and organizational advances, the expanding interaction between humans and machines and the growing complexity of work systems are gaining importance. In parallel, the digitalization of Industry 4.0/5.0 is generating unprecedented volumes of safety-relevant data and new opportunities to move from reactive analysis to proactive, data-driven prevention. This review maps how artificial intelligence (AI), with a specific focus on natural language processing (NLP) and large language models (LLMs), is being applied to occupational risk prevention across sectors. A structured search of the Web of Science Core Collection (2013–October 2025), combined OSH-related terms with AI, NLP and LLM terms. After screening and full-text assessment, 123 studies were discussed. Early work relied on text mining and traditional machine learning to classify accident types and causes, extract risk factors and support incident analysis from free-text narratives. More recent contributions use deep learning to predict injury severity, potential serious injuries and fatalities (PSIF) and field risk control program (FRCP) levels and to fuse textual data with process, environmental and sensor information in multi-source risk models. The latest wave of studies deploys LLMs, retrieval-augmented generation and vision–language architectures to generate task-specific safety guidance, support accident investigation, map occupations and job tasks and monitor personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance. Together, these developments show that AI-, NLP- and LLM-based systems can exploit unstructured OSH information to provide more granular, timely and predictive safety insights. However, the field is still constrained by data quality and bias, limited external validation, opacity, hallucinations and emerging regulatory and ethical requirements. In conclusion, this review positions AI and LLMs as tools to support human decision-making in OSH and outlines a research agenda centered on high-quality datasets and rigorous evaluation of fairness, robustness, explainability and governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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18 pages, 312 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digital and Virtual Technologies for Work-Related Biomechanical Risk Assessment: A Scoping Review

by Paulo C. Anacleto Filho, Ana Colim, Cristiano Jesus, Sérgio Ivan Lopes and Paula Carneiro

Safety 2024, 10(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030079 - 12 Sep 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5439

Abstract

The field of ergonomics has been significantly shaped by the advent of evolving technologies linked to new industrial paradigms, often referred to as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and, more recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0). Consequently, several studies have reviewed the integration of advanced technologies for [...] Read more.

The field of ergonomics has been significantly shaped by the advent of evolving technologies linked to new industrial paradigms, often referred to as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and, more recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0). Consequently, several studies have reviewed the integration of advanced technologies for improved ergonomics in different industry sectors. However, studies often evaluate specific technologies, such as extended reality (XR), wearables, artificial intelligence (AI), and collaborative robot (cobot), and their advantages and problems. In this sense, there is a lack of research exploring the state of the art of I4.0 and I5.0 virtual and digital technologies in evaluating work-related biomechanical risks. Addressing this research gap, this study presents a comprehensive review of 24 commercial tools and 10 academic studies focusing on work-related biomechanical risk assessment using digital and virtual technologies. The analysis reveals that AI and digital human modelling (DHM) are the most commonly utilised technologies in commercial tools, followed by motion capture (MoCap) and virtual reality (VR). Discrepancies were found between commercial tools and academic studies. However, the study acknowledges limitations, including potential biases in sample selection and search methodology. Future research directions include enhancing transparency in commercial tool validation processes, examining the broader impact of emerging technologies on ergonomics, and considering human-centred design principles in technology integration. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of biomechanical risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

12 pages, 5338 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Assessing the Short-Term Effects of Dual Back-Support Exoskeleton within Logistics Operations

by André Cardoso, Ana Colim, Paula Carneiro, Nélson Costa, Sérgio Gomes, Abel Pires and Pedro Arezes

Safety 2024, 10(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030056 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3231

Abstract

Logistics activities involve significant risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), particularly low back pain. Exoskeletons have emerged as potential solutions to mitigate these risks. This study assesses the short-term effects of dual passive back-support exoskeletons (Auxivo and Htrius) on [...] Read more.

Logistics activities involve significant risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), particularly low back pain. Exoskeletons have emerged as potential solutions to mitigate these risks. This study assesses the short-term effects of dual passive back-support exoskeletons (Auxivo and Htrius) on WMSD risk factors in logistics operations. Two workstations were evaluated using self-report ratings, postural assessment, and surface electromyography (EMG). The results indicate that both exoskeletons provided relief and support during tasks, with Htrius showing a slight advantage. Exoskeletons reduced perceived exertion, especially during trunk flexion tasks, and improved posture, particularly in tasks involving manual lifting loads at lower height levels. While variations in muscular activity were observed, the Htrius exoskeleton showed a trend of reducing lumbar muscle activity. Overall, Htrius demonstrated promise in improving workers’ comfort, safety, and efficiency, potentially reducing WMSD risk and muscular fatigue. However, individual preferences and workplace-specific characteristics should be considered when selecting exoskeleton models. Future research should explore the effects on different loads, genders, and EMG of different muscles to further enhance the understanding and application of exoskeletons in occupational contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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