Chinese Religious Cultures: Historical Traditions and Modern Interpretations

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 5252

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Philosophy, Institute for Christianity and Cross-Cultural Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Interests: religious studies; religious philosophy; comparative religious studies; ancient Chinese religious philosophy; medieval philosophy; Christian theology and philosophy; Augustine; Mysticism; Neoplatonism
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Guest Editor
Institut of World Religions, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing, China
Interests: theories of the Scientific Study of Religion; Daoism; Chinese traditional religions

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Guest Editor
Institute for Marxist Religious Studies in New Area, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
Interests: The relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Philosophy of religion, Taoist philosophy

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Guest Editor
Institute for Marxist Religious Studies in New Area, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
Interests: Chinese ancient religions; Chinese philosophy; Chinese Daoism

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chinese religion has been playing a critical role in shaping China’s civilization development. With a long history and continuous traditions, Chinese religious cultures are dynamic and mainly consist of Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Catholic, Protestantism, Confucian religious thoughts and diverse folk religion. Understanding the historical traditions of Chinese religions will give great insight into the ancient Chinese society and modern times, as well as the enduring cultural communication between the world civilizations. Modern interpretations of Chinese religious cultures are conducive to understanding the characteristics and features of Chinese civilization and the role religion has played in Chinese society and people’s daily life. We are pleased to invite global scholars to contribute an academic article related to religious cultures in China (particularly on the religions mentioned above), including their history, tradition and development, from multiple disciplinary aspects of modern academic interpretations. We hope that this Special Issue will contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of Chinese religions and Chinese cultural tradition.

For this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Interpreting Chinese religious cultures and scriptural texts with modern theories of religious studies;
  • Exploring the modern value and significance of Chinese traditional religious cultures in China;
  • Comparative studies on Chinese religious cultures with the perspective of modern communication and mutual learning among civilizations;
  • The influence of important Chinese religious rituals, practices, figures, conceptions, theories, thoughts, events and places on the modern Chinese society;
  • The international spread of Chinese religious cultures and its modern value to the global civilization.

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript, the interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200–300 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send it to the Guest Editor or the Assistant Editor of Religions. Abstracts will be reviewed by the Guest Editors for the purpose of ensuring proper fit within the scope of the Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo a double-blind peer review.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Reference

Brashier, K.E. 2015. The Modern Endeavor to Interpret Early Chinese Religions, Oxford Handbook Topics in Religion (online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Feb. 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.013.34, Accessed 30 Apr. 2024.

Zhuo, Xinping. 2015. The Direction of Modern Chinese Religion, On China’s Cultural Transformation, Issues in Contemporary Chinese Thought and Culture. Edited by Arif Dirlik and Keping Yu. Leiden: Brill, Vol(5), p.228-240.

Yang, C. K. 1970. Religion in Chinese society: A study of contemporary social functions of religion and some of their historical factors. Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press.

Wong, W. Y. 2011. Defining Chinese Folk Religion: A Methodological Interpretation. Asian Philosophy, 21(2), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2011.563993

Rosker, J. S. 2017. Is Confucianism a religion? Modern Confucian theories on the ethical nature of classical discourses. Asian Philosophy, 27(4), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2017.1388552

Cao, Nanlai. 2019. A Sinicized World Religion?: Chinese Christianity at the Contemporary Moment of Globalization Religions 10, no. 8: 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10080459

Frankel, James D. 2016. Chinese–Islamic Connections: An Historical and Contemporary Overview. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 36(4): 569–83. doi:10.1080/13602004.2016.1248175.

Weber, Max. 1968. The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism, Translated and Edited by Hans H. Gerth, New York: Free Press.

Mou, Zhongjian, 2018, A Brief History of the Relationship among Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism, 儒道佛三教關係簡明通史, Beijing: Renmin Press.

Kengo, Araki. 1975. Confucianism and Buddhism in the late Ming. The unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. Edited by William Theodore De Bary, New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 39--66.

Prof. Dr. Yuehua Chen
Prof. Dr. Chuanhui Zeng
Dr. Zhejia Tang
Dr. Xuedan Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • modern interpretations
  • Chinese religious cultures
  • Buddhist culture
  • Daoist culture
  • Islamic culture
  • Christian culture
  • Chinese folk religion
  • Confucian religious thoughts

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 647 KiB  
Article
Reflection on the Unity of the Three Teachings in the Late Ming Dynasty—Centered on the Concept of “Sanhanjiao Is Non-Orthodox Teaching” in The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven
by Zhejia Tang
Religions 2024, 15(12), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15121425 - 24 Nov 2024
Viewed by 482
Abstract
In his work The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven, Matteo Ricci not only criticized Buddhism and Taoism but also put forward the viewpoint that “Sanhanjiao is non-orthodox teaching”. The so-called Sanhanjiao actually refers to the three teachings into one established [...] Read more.
In his work The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven, Matteo Ricci not only criticized Buddhism and Taoism but also put forward the viewpoint that “Sanhanjiao is non-orthodox teaching”. The so-called Sanhanjiao actually refers to the three teachings into one established by Lin Zhaoen, so Ricci’s criticism of the three teachings into one, to some extent, is also a criticism of Lin Zhaoen’s “Three-in-One Doctrine”. Ricci used the argument “One Teaching cannot have Three Teachings” to criticize the view of “One Dao, Three Teachings” and also used “it is not possible to forcibly equate the Three Teachings” to criticize the theory of “the Three Teachings are the same”, bringing the perspective of the uniqueness of faith in Western religious culture to China. Ricci’s criticism of the three teachings into one is based on the premise of spreading Catholicism; his argument mainly relies on the logical reasoning of the Western way of thinking, thus ignoring the inherent characteristics of Chinese indigenous culture. However, his viewpoint at least broke the mainstream ideology of “the Unity of the Three Teachings” in the late Ming Dynasty and also provided significant inspiration for the intellectuals of the late Ming Dynasty to reflect on this trend. Ricci’s dialogue with Chinese indigenous religions did not erase the differences between their respective cultures, but actually promoted the integration between Chinese and Western cultures. Therefore, the significance of The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven lies not only in the dissemination of Catholic thought but also implies a dialogue and cultural transformation between different civilizations. Full article
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19 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Transcending Individual Traditions: Zhang Taiyan’s Interpretation of Zhuangzi’s Notion of Chengxin
by Cheng Wang
Religions 2024, 15(11), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15111309 - 26 Oct 2024
Viewed by 841
Abstract
This article examines the nuanced interpretations of chengxin 成心 in the Zhuangzi 莊子, a foundational Daoist text, across different philosophical traditions. Historically, Daoist thinkers like Guo Xiang 郭象 and Cheng Xuanying 成玄英, along with Neo-Confucian scholars such as Lü Huiqing 吕惠卿 and Lin [...] Read more.
This article examines the nuanced interpretations of chengxin 成心 in the Zhuangzi 莊子, a foundational Daoist text, across different philosophical traditions. Historically, Daoist thinkers like Guo Xiang 郭象 and Cheng Xuanying 成玄英, along with Neo-Confucian scholars such as Lü Huiqing 吕惠卿 and Lin Xiyi 林希逸, have provided differing perspectives on the notion of chengxin. They regard it as either a source of subjective bias or an expression of heavenly principle. The core focus of this study is Zhang Taiyan’s 章太炎 innovative interpretation of chengxin as seeds (bijas) within ālaya-vijñāna (storehouse consciousness), integrating Yogācāra Buddhist concepts with traditional Daoist philosophy. The study conducts a textual analysis of Zhang’s Qiwulun Shi 齊物論釋, comparing his interpretation with earlier commentaries on the Zhuangzi. It is argued that Zhang’s approach is profoundly influenced by the Buddhist doctrine of non-duality, which underscores the interconnectedness of all phenomena. While Zhang’s interpretation has faced criticism from contemporaries and later philosophers for misunderstandings of Yogācāra theory and Kantian philosophy, it employs the method of geyi 格義 (matching concepts), not to impose one tradition over another, but to foster a dialogical process where the insights from each tradition mutually inform and transform one another. This article highlights the interpretative openness of the Zhuangzi, which invites diverse interpretations, and demonstrates how Zhang’s approach enriches this tradition by synthesizing various philosophical and religious frameworks. Zhang’s methodology remains relevant, fostering cross-cultural and inclusive philosophical dialog. Full article
15 pages, 394 KiB  
Article
Fang Yizhi’s Transformation of the Consciousness-Only Theory in Yaodi Pao Zhuang: A Comparison and Analysis Based on Literature
by Qing Wu
Religions 2024, 15(8), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15080953 - 6 Aug 2024
Viewed by 945
Abstract
Yaodi Pao Zhuang (Monk Yaodi Distills the Essence of the Zhuangzi, 藥地炮莊), written by Ming dynasty scholar Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), was one of the greatest annotations of Zhuangzi 庄子 in the late Ming dynasty. However, the Buddhist thought in Yaodi Pao Zhuang [...] Read more.
Yaodi Pao Zhuang (Monk Yaodi Distills the Essence of the Zhuangzi, 藥地炮莊), written by Ming dynasty scholar Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), was one of the greatest annotations of Zhuangzi 庄子 in the late Ming dynasty. However, the Buddhist thought in Yaodi Pao Zhuang has scarcely been examined. Drawing on the revival of the consciousness-only (vijñaptimātratā, 唯識) theory during the Ming dynasty, this study discussed how Fang Yizhi transformed the theory to annotate Zhuangzi in Yaodi Pao Zhuang through literature comparison and logical analysis. Meanwhile, from a speculative viewpoint drawing on Yi studies (studies of the Yi Jing, 易學), Fang Yizhi demonstrated that “storehouse consciousness” (alaya-vijnana, 阿賴耶識) could have contrasting properties of defilement (samklesa, 染) and purity (suddha, 淨). Moreover, he proposed “consciousness is wisdom” to replace the consciousness-only view of “transforming consciousness into wisdom” prevailing in the Tang dynasty, thus providing the conditions for the interpenetration of the consciousness-only doctrine into Zhuangzi. This study’s results highlight the positive implications of Fang Yizhi’s mutually supportive interaction model of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism for addressing contemporary cultural conflicts. Full article
17 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Significance of “Discerning the Zong (Bian Zong 辨宗)” in the Sectarianization of Buddhism
by Peng Zhou
Religions 2024, 15(8), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15080914 - 28 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1248
Abstract
The prelude holds dual significance. Firstly, it denotes the initial exploration of sectarian Buddhism by the Sanlun zong and the Tiantai zong. Secondly, it signifies the act of “exploring” itself as a means of establishing a distinct sect. The concept of “Discerning the [...] Read more.
The prelude holds dual significance. Firstly, it denotes the initial exploration of sectarian Buddhism by the Sanlun zong and the Tiantai zong. Secondly, it signifies the act of “exploring” itself as a means of establishing a distinct sect. The concept of “Discerning the Zong” not only permeates the context of the sectarianization of Buddhism but also exerts influence on the evolution trajectory of the Sinicization of Buddhism to some extent. Sectarian Buddhism is rooted in the foundational principles and overarching framework of the Sanlun zong and the Tiantai zong, presenting a continuous portrayal of the development of Chinese Buddhist sects. Full article
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