Cycloaddition Reactions at the Beginning of the Third Millennium, 2nd Edition

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Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff', Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: nitrogen heterocycles; pyridazines; nitroisoxazoles; pyridyl- and quinolyl-carbinols; metal-free reductions; hantzsch ester 1,4-dihydropyridine mimics; nitro compounds; indolizidine derivatives; biodiesel; biomass valorization
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Guest Editor
Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: catalysis; organocatalysis; heterocycles; synthetic methodologies; materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Almost a century after the discovery of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition, this kind of pericyclic process continues to be a very efficient tool in synthetic organic chemistry and shows significant and widespread applications in different chemistry areas, from traditional organic synthesis to medicinal chemistry, materials chemistry, and so on. These reactions are beneficial to chemists because they provide valuable cyclic compounds, often in a simple manner and with high and predictable regio- and stereochemistry in addition to high atom economy. These appealing features make cycloadditions privileged processes in organic synthesis.

In this context, this Special Issue in Reactions aims to collect recent results concerning the applications of [4+2] cycloadditions, namely Diels–Alder, hetero Diels–Alder, and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, as well as [2+2] processes. The use of more efficient, green, and sustainable experimental conditions is strongly pursued to improve both the environmental aspects and the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles with noteworthy applications in the natural, pharmacological, biological, and materials domains.

All researchers working in this field are invited to contribute to this issue emphasizing synthetic and methodological results, as well as mechanistic and/or theoretical aspects. Review articles by experts in the field are also welcome.

Prof. Donatella Giomi
Prof. Fabrizio Machetti
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Diels–Alder reactions
  • hetero Diels–Alder reactions
  • 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions
  • [2+2]-cycloadditions
  • selectivity
  • photochemical reactions
  • theoretical studies
  • atom economy
  • sustainable approaches
  • heterocycle synthesis

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1298 KB  
Article
Inverting the Regioselectivity of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Nitrones and Enal Derivatives
by Yuki Maeda, Yoshimitsu Hashimoto, Yuriko Oshita, Sayuri Yuhara, Osamu Tamura and Nobuyoshi Morita
Reactions 2026, 7(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions7020026 - 2 Apr 2026
Viewed by 505
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with hydrazones affords 5-iminoisoxazolidines as the major products, in contrast to the reaction with enals, which exclusively afford 4-acylisoxazolidines. This reversal of regioselectivity can be explained in terms of frontier orbital theory. The 5-iminoisoxazolidines are easily converted to [...] Read more.
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with hydrazones affords 5-iminoisoxazolidines as the major products, in contrast to the reaction with enals, which exclusively afford 4-acylisoxazolidines. This reversal of regioselectivity can be explained in terms of frontier orbital theory. The 5-iminoisoxazolidines are easily converted to 5-acylisoxazolidines. Full article
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12 pages, 2390 KB  
Article
Computational Investigation of Mechanism and Selectivity in (3+2) Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Azaoxyallyl Cations
by Wei Zhou, Lei Zhang, Guixian Liu, Xiaosi Ma and Xiangtai Meng
Reactions 2025, 6(4), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6040070 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 985
Abstract
Azaoxyallyl cations, as novel and versatile three-atom components, have been widely utilized in cycloaddition reactions, with the competition between O- and N-cyclization pathways remaining a key research focus. This study investigates the mechanism and site selectivity of (3+2) cycloaddition between azaoxyallyl cations and [...] Read more.
Azaoxyallyl cations, as novel and versatile three-atom components, have been widely utilized in cycloaddition reactions, with the competition between O- and N-cyclization pathways remaining a key research focus. This study investigates the mechanism and site selectivity of (3+2) cycloaddition between azaoxyallyl cations and 1,2-benzisoxazoles using density functional theory calculations. The results reveal a stepwise (3+2) addition to the C=N double bond, followed by base-assisted N-O bond cleavage and isoxazole ring-opening, leading to oxazoline (via O-cyclization) or imidazolone (via N-cyclization) derivatives. When unsubstituted 1,2-benzisoxazole is used as the substrate, O-cyclization dominates as a kinetically controlled process due to lower activation barriers, while N-cyclization, as a thermodynamically controlled process, is minor. The presence of a methyl group at the C(3) position in 1,2-benzisoxazoles completely blocks N-O bond cleavage, forcing exclusive (3+2) cycloaddition to yield less stable tricyclic products via N-cyclization rather than O-cyclization. These findings align with experimental observations and provide new mechanistic insights into the site selectivity of azaoxyallyl cation cycloadditions. Full article
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13 pages, 1111 KB  
Communication
Renewable Solvents for Diels–Alder/Cheletropic Reaction Sequences: Preparation of Pentaphenylbenzene and 1,2,4-Triphenyltriphenylene
by Sara Ahmed, Harry Burrows, Brian A. Chalmers, David B. Cordes, Ruairidh Macleod Davidson, Lauren Emmens, Theodore V. Fulton, Daniel Kleinjan, Iain L. J. Patterson and Iain A. Smellie
Reactions 2025, 6(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6030041 - 30 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds can often be made by a sequence featuring an initial Diels–Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, followed by cheletropic extrusion of carbon monoxide. These reactions normally require heating the diene and dieneophile in petrochemical-derived aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as xylenes [...] Read more.
Polycyclic aromatic compounds can often be made by a sequence featuring an initial Diels–Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, followed by cheletropic extrusion of carbon monoxide. These reactions normally require heating the diene and dieneophile in petrochemical-derived aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, such as xylenes or diphenyl ether. This article summarizes the results of attempts to use renewable solvents in place of those currently in use to prepare pentaphenylbenzene and 1,2,4-triphenyltriphenylene. Dihydrolevoglucosenone, p-cymene, ethyl lactate, diethyl carbonate, and cyclopentyl methyl ether have all been successfully evaluated as renewable solvent alternatives in Diels–Alder/cheletropic reaction sequences. An analysis of the products from the reactions investigated did not show evidence of oxidative degradation of the diene reactants. Furthermore, norbornadien-7-one intermediates were not isolated from any of the reactions tested. Full article
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Review

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20 pages, 6660 KB  
Review
Roles of Guanidines in Recent Cycloaddition Reactions
by Petar Štrbac, Davor Margetić and Anamarija Briš
Reactions 2026, 7(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions7010014 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 891
Abstract
Guanidines are structurally unique, highly basic, nitrogen-containing organic compounds with strong hydrogen-bonding ability and biological activity, providing valuable functionality in medicinal chemistry, organocatalysis, and materials science. Among modern strategies for assembling guanidine-containing molecules, cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools due to their [...] Read more.
Guanidines are structurally unique, highly basic, nitrogen-containing organic compounds with strong hydrogen-bonding ability and biological activity, providing valuable functionality in medicinal chemistry, organocatalysis, and materials science. Among modern strategies for assembling guanidine-containing molecules, cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools due to their efficiency, stereoselectivity, and ability to rapidly build molecular complexity. Recent innovations have expanded cycloaddition methodologies for generating guanidine functionalities, incorporating guanidine-containing substrates, and using guanidine-based catalysts. This review summarizes these advances and highlights the current trends in guanidine-related cycloaddition chemistry. Full article
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20 pages, 3274 KB  
Review
Incorporation of Spin Labels and Paramagnetic Tags for Magnetic Resonance Studies Using Cycloaddition Reactions as a Tool
by Amarendra Nath Maity, Amiya Kumar Medda and Shyue-Chu Ke
Reactions 2026, 7(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions7010012 - 6 Feb 2026
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Abstract
The cycloaddition reaction is one of the most common reactions in organic chemistry. It has been applied in various fields. Herein, we focus on the application of cycloaddition reactions in investigating biological molecules and materials using magnetic resonance techniques. To facilitate magnetic resonance [...] Read more.
The cycloaddition reaction is one of the most common reactions in organic chemistry. It has been applied in various fields. Herein, we focus on the application of cycloaddition reactions in investigating biological molecules and materials using magnetic resonance techniques. To facilitate magnetic resonance studies such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, there is often a requirement to attach spin labels and paramagnetic tags to the system of interest. The cycloaddition reaction is one of the ways to tether these spin labels and paramagnetic tags. In this review, we highlight the applications of various cycloaddition reactions such as the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, the strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction and the Diels–Alder reaction in the interdisciplinary field of magnetic resonance studies of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and glycans, as well as materials. Full article
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22 pages, 938 KB  
Review
Topology Meets Reactivity: Rationalizing Electron Rearrangements in Cycloadditions Through Thom’s Polynomials and Bonding Evolution Theory
by Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez, Cristian J. Guerra, Hans Lenes, Elizabeth Rincón and Eduardo Chamorro
Reactions 2026, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions7010001 - 1 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1486
Abstract
This mini-review discusses recent advances in the rigorous application of Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) to elucidate electron rearrangements in cycloaddition reactions occurring in both ground and electronically excited states. Computational studies reveal that describing bond formation and cleavage through parametric polynomials derived from [...] Read more.
This mini-review discusses recent advances in the rigorous application of Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) to elucidate electron rearrangements in cycloaddition reactions occurring in both ground and electronically excited states. Computational studies reveal that describing bond formation and cleavage through parametric polynomials derived from the Catastrophe Theory (CT) provides a deeper and more coherent understanding of chemical bonding and reactivity. However, several existing BET applications have adopted CT concepts without fully incorporating the mathematical rigor on which BET is based, resulting in conceptual ambiguities and inaccurate interpretations. A proper implementation of BET requires evaluating the Hessian matrix at potentially degenerate critical points (CPs) of the Electron Localization Function (ELF) and assessing their relative evolution along the reaction coordinate. This systematic protocol integrates key CT principles within BET’s original framework, restoring its formal consistency. The resulting analyses have revealed correlations between electron-density symmetry and CT polynomials, relationships between these polynomials and the homolytic or heterolytic character of bond dissociation, and the development of a CT-based model for scaling bond polarity. These findings demonstrate that incorporating CT-derived functions into BET is not merely a formal refinement but a fundamental step toward achieving a more rigorous and predictive understanding of electron rearrangements in cycloadditions. Full article
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