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Polymers
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Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II
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Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2024) | Viewed by 10035

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Agnieszka Kowalczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: adhesives; photopolymerization; telomerization; acrylic resins; epoxy resins; functional materials; coatings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success of the Special Issue of Polymers, "Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resin-Based Polymer Materials", https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers/special_issues/epoxy_resin_polymer_materials, we are delighted to reopen this Special Issue, now entitled "Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II".

Epoxy resins have been known for almost 100 years. Owing to their superior mechanical properties and chemical resistance, they have been widely used in many demanding application fields, such as automotive, aeronautics, construction building, and electronics, where they are used as coatings, adhesives, and structural materials. Notwithstanding these successes, new research shows new application possibilities for epoxy resins and epoxy-based polymers, i.e., optoelectronics, telecommunications, energy storage, medical applications, membranes, and so on. The general aim of this Special Issue on “Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II” is to provide insights into current research and developments in the field of epoxy resins, epoxy polymers (new monomers, innovative formulations and processing, engineering properties), and new materials based on epoxy resins.

Dr. Agnieszka Kowalczyk
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • new monomers and formulations
  • synthesis and characterization of epoxy polymers
  • epoxy functional polymers
  • epoxy polymers based on renewable resources
  • epoxy adhesives
  • epoxy coatings
  • epoxy composites
  • nanostructured epoxides
  • hybrid epoxy polymers
  • epoxy–polymer modification
  • new engineering properties

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 10816 KiB  
Article
Naphthalene-Containing Epoxy Resin: Phase Structure, Rheology, and Thermophysical Properties
by Svetlana O. Ilyina, Irina Y. Gorbunova, Anastasiya Y. Yadykova, Anna V. Vlasova, Michael L. Kerber and Sergey O. Ilyin
Polymers 2024, 16(23), 3264; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233264 - 24 Nov 2024
Viewed by 942
Abstract
Naphthalene is a fungicide that can also be a phase-change agent owing to its high crystallization enthalpy at about 80 °C. The relatively rapid evaporation of naphthalene as a fungicide and its shape instability after melting are problems solved in this work by [...] Read more.
Naphthalene is a fungicide that can also be a phase-change agent owing to its high crystallization enthalpy at about 80 °C. The relatively rapid evaporation of naphthalene as a fungicide and its shape instability after melting are problems solved in this work by its placement into a cured epoxy matrix. The work’s research materials included diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A as an epoxy resin, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as its hardener, and naphthalene as a phase-change agent or a fungicide. Their miscibility was investigated by laser interferometry, the rheological properties of their blends before and during the curing by rotational rheometry, the thermophysical features of the curing process and the resulting phase-change materials by differential scanning calorimetry, and the blends’ morphologies by transmission optical and scanning electron microscopies. Naphthalene and epoxy resin were miscible when heated above 80 °C. This fact allowed obtaining highly concentrated mixtures containing up to 60% naphthalene by high-temperature homogeneous curing with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The initial solubility of naphthalene was only 19% in uncured epoxy resin but increased strongly upon heating, reducing the viscosity of the reaction mixture, delaying its gelation, and slowing cross-linking. At 20–40% mass fraction of naphthalene, it almost entirely retained its dissolved state after cross-linking as a metastable solution, causing plasticization of the cured epoxy polymer and lowering its glass transition temperature. At 60% naphthalene, about half dissolved within the cured polymer, while the other half formed coarse particles capable of crystallization and thermal energy storage. In summary, the resulting phase-change material stored 42.6 J/g of thermal energy within 62–90 °C and had a glass transition temperature of 46.4 °C at a maximum naphthalene mass fraction of 60% within the epoxy matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II)
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19 pages, 3118 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Investigation of Epoxy Adhesives for Structural Applications in Saudi Arabia: Mechanical Performance, Environmental Impacts, and Analysis on Health
by Ahmed D. Almutairi
Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223185 - 16 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1549
Abstract
Epoxy adhesives possess excellent mechanical properties, durability, and stability in harsh environments, making them suitable for producing engineering materials. This study selects four commercially available epoxy adhesives in Saudi Arabia: Epotec YD 128; Sikadur®-52 LP; Sikadur®-31 CF; and Sikadur [...] Read more.
Epoxy adhesives possess excellent mechanical properties, durability, and stability in harsh environments, making them suitable for producing engineering materials. This study selects four commercially available epoxy adhesives in Saudi Arabia: Epotec YD 128; Sikadur®-52 LP; Sikadur®-31 CF; and Sikadur®-42 MP Slow. Firstly, a comparison of their storage, application, and service temperatures was made, detailing the hazard identification and prevention measures established in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines. Subsequently, test samples of the four adhesives were produced, and tensile, compressive, and shear tests were conducted to compare their fundamental mechanical properties. Finally, a gas analyzer assessed the major harmful gases emitted by these epoxy adhesives 120 min after mixing the epoxy resins and curing agents. The results show that Sika 42 exhibits the highest tensile and compressive strengths among other types of adhesives, reaching 75.7 MPa and 133.8 MPa, respectively. It also has the longest pot life of 48 min at elevated temperatures (40 °C), making it suitable for the climatic conditions in Saudi Arabia. However, as a three-component adhesive, its application is complex and associated with the most identified hazards. Sika 31 presents a tensile modulus of up to 10.4 GPa, at least 3.8 times higher than the other adhesives, making it practical for controlling tensile deformation. Additionally, its ultimate shear strain reaches 10.7%, at least 6.6 times higher than the other samples, highlighting its suitability for constructing ductile bonds. After mixing of epoxy resins with curing agents, the presence of NO2 and SO2 were detected. However, no harmful gases were detected after 120 min, possibly due to the complete curing of the adhesives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II)
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19 pages, 12260 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics of Composites Based on Epoxy Resin with Kaolinite and Clinoptilolite
by Andrzej Puszka, Marcin Kneć, Wojciech Franus and Beata Podkościelna
Polymers 2023, 15(8), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081898 - 15 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3261
Abstract
Herein the synthesis, characterization, and study of spectroscopic, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties of polymeric composites are presented. The composites were obtained in special molds (8 × 10 cm) based on the commercially available epoxy resin Epidian® 601 cross-linked by 10% w/ [...] Read more.
Herein the synthesis, characterization, and study of spectroscopic, thermal, and thermo-mechanical properties of polymeric composites are presented. The composites were obtained in special molds (8 × 10 cm) based on the commercially available epoxy resin Epidian® 601 cross-linked by 10% w/w triethylenetetramine (TETA). To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of the synthetic epoxy resins, natural fillers in the form of minerals from the silicate cluster kaolinite (KA) or clinoptilolite (CL) were added to the composites. The structures of the materials obtained were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR). The thermal properties of the resins were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) in an inert atmosphere. The hardness of the crosslinked products was determined using the Shore D method. Moreover, strength tests were performed on the 3PB (three-point bending) specimen, with the analysis of tensile strains conducted using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II)
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18 pages, 5905 KiB  
Article
Influence of Methacrylate and Vinyl Monomers on Radical Bulk Photopolymerization Process and Properties of Epoxy-Acrylate Structural Adhesives
by Konrad Gziut, Agnieszka Kowalczyk, Beata Schmidt, Tomasz J. Idzik and Jacek G. Sośnicki
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040926 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3126
Abstract
In this paper, epoxy-acrylate structural adhesives tapes (SATs) were obtained from Bisphenol A-based liquid epoxy resin and epoxy acrylic resins (EARs). A new method of EARs preparation, i.e., the free radical bulk photopolymerization process (FRBP), was studied in detail. The influence of methacrylic [...] Read more.
In this paper, epoxy-acrylate structural adhesives tapes (SATs) were obtained from Bisphenol A-based liquid epoxy resin and epoxy acrylic resins (EARs). A new method of EARs preparation, i.e., the free radical bulk photopolymerization process (FRBP), was studied in detail. The influence of methacrylic monomers (methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, (2-acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate) and vinyl monomers (N-vinylpyrrolidone and styrene) on the FRBP process of base monomers (i.e., butyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) was investigated. The kinetics of photopolymerization process was monitored by photo-differential scanning calorimetry method. The properties of the obtained EARs (viscosity and average molecular weights), as well as monomers conversion using 1H NMR, were determined. It was revealed that styrene significantly decreases the photopolymerization rate and increases the final monomers conversion (+27%). However, the resulting tetrapolymers BA-co-GMA-co-HEA-co-STY have low molecular weights and low polydispersity (2.2). Methacrylate monomers with shorter aliphatic chains (<C4) also decrease the rate of photopolymerization due to the length of the aliphatic chain increasing. Surprisingly, the best results of adhesion to steel and shear strength were obtained for SAT based on epoxy acrylate resin with styrene (11 N/25 mm and 20.8 MPa, respectively). However, the thermomechanical properties of SAT with styrene were weaker than those with methacrylates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resins and Epoxy-Resins-Based Polymer Materials II)
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