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Photonics
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Advancements and Future Perspectives in All-Optical Detection and Reliability Improvement...
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Advancements and Future Perspectives in All-Optical Detection and Reliability Improvement Technologies

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Interaction Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2026 | Viewed by 2005

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xin Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
Interests: optical network survivability; optical network routing and resource allocation; all-optical fast matching

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid development of bandwidth-intensive applications, optical networks have experienced a substantial increase in traffic. Theseoptical networks are highly vulnerable to security threats such as eavesdropping and attacks. Photonic firewalls, which can perform data identification and intrusion detection directly at the optical layer, are emerging as high-speed, low-energy network security tools. A core part of photonic firewalls is the all-optical matching system, which comprises all-optical logic gates such as the AND gate, NOT gate, XOR gate, etc. However, we continue to face the following challenges: First, SOA-based matching structures are unable to achieve all-optical matching at 40G and higher rates. In addition, there is a lack of matching structures for high-order modulation formats and existing structures that are suitable for amplitude signals. Furthermore, there is a lack of matching models for arbitrary modulation formats, where each modulation format corresponds to a set of matching structures. Lastly, the existing matching structures cannot handle the impact of system noise on matching, limiting the application of the current structures. These challenges highlight the need for further in-depth research to develop more effective solutions.

Dr. Xin Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical network security
  • all-optical fast matching
  • all-optical logic gates
  • optical network reliability
  • reliability evaluation

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 4432 KB  
Article
DMSR: Dynamic Multipath Secure Routing Against Eavesdropping in Space-Ground Integrated Optical Networks
by Guan Wang and Xingmei Wang
Photonics 2025, 12(10), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101039 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
With the continuous growth of global communication demands, the space-ground integrated optical network (SGION), composed of the satellite optical network (SON) and terrestrial optical network (TON), has gradually become a critical component of global communication systems due to its wide coverage, low latency, [...] Read more.
With the continuous growth of global communication demands, the space-ground integrated optical network (SGION), composed of the satellite optical network (SON) and terrestrial optical network (TON), has gradually become a critical component of global communication systems due to its wide coverage, low latency, and large bandwidth. However, although the high directivity of laser communication can significantly enhance the security of data transmission, it still carries the risk of being eavesdropped on during the process of service routing. To resist eavesdropping attacks during service transmission in the SGION, this paper proposes a secure routing scheme named dynamic multipath secure routing (DMSR). In DMSR, a metric called the service eavesdropping ratio (SER) is defined to quantify the service leakage severity. The objective of DMSR is to reduce each service’s SER by switching its routing path proactively. To realize DMSR, heuristic algorithms are developed to sequentially search for optimal routing paths for service path switching in the TON and SGION. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that DMSR can achieve trade-offs between secure service transmission and network performance at different levels by adjusting its system parameters. Furthermore, the DMSR scheme significantly reduces the SER compared to the baseline schemes, while introducing acceptable increases in computation overhead and service latency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Future Perspectives in All-Optical Detection and Reliability Improvement Technologies)
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16 pages, 3161 KB  
Article
Multi-Link Fragmentation-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning RSA Algorithm in Elastic Optical Network
by Jing Jiang, Yushu Su, Jingchi Cheng and Tao Shang
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070634 - 22 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
Deep reinforcement learning has been extensively applied for resource allocation in elastic optical networks. However, many studies focus on link-level state analysis and rarely discuss the influence between links, which may affect the performance of allocation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a [...] Read more.
Deep reinforcement learning has been extensively applied for resource allocation in elastic optical networks. However, many studies focus on link-level state analysis and rarely discuss the influence between links, which may affect the performance of allocation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a multi-link fragmentation deep reinforcement learning-based routing and spectrum allocation algorithm (MFDRL-RSA). We number the links using a breadth-first numbering algorithm. Based on the numbering results, high-frequency links are selected to construct the network state matrix that reflects the resource distribution. According to the state matrix, we calculate a multi-link fragmentation degree, quantifying resource fragmentation within a representative subset of network. The MFDRL-RSA algorithm enhances the accuracy of the agent’s decision-making by incorporating it into the reward function, thereby improving its performance in routing decisions, which contributes to the overall allocation performance. Simulation results show that MFDRL-RSA achieves lower blocking rates compared to the reference algorithms, with reductions of 16.34%, 13.01%, and 7.42% in the NSFNET network and 19.33%, 15.17%, and 9.95% in the Cost-239 network. It also improves spectrum utilization by 12.28%, 9.83%, and 6.32% in NSFNET and by 13.92%, 11.55%, and 8.26% in Cost-239. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Future Perspectives in All-Optical Detection and Reliability Improvement Technologies)
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Review

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28 pages, 2358 KB  
Review
A Review of All-Optical Pattern Matching Systems
by Mingming Sun, Xin Li, Lin Bao, Wensheng Zhai, Ying Tang and Shanguo Huang
Photonics 2025, 12(12), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12121166 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
As optical networks continue to evolve toward higher speed and larger capacity, conventional security mechanisms relying on optoelectronic conversion are facing increasing limitations. The optical photonic firewall, as an emerging optical-layer security device, enables direct inspection in the optical domain, making its core [...] Read more.
As optical networks continue to evolve toward higher speed and larger capacity, conventional security mechanisms relying on optoelectronic conversion are facing increasing limitations. The optical photonic firewall, as an emerging optical-layer security device, enables direct inspection in the optical domain, making its core technology—All-Optical Pattern Matching (AOPM)—a focal point of current research. This review provides a comprehensive survey of AOPM systems. It first introduces the main components of AOPM, namely symbol matching and system architectures, and analyzes their representative implementations. For low-order modulation formats such as OOK and BPSK, the review highlights matching schemes enabled by semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) logic gates, as well as their potential for reconfigurable extension. Building upon this foundation, the paper focuses on systems for high-order modulation formats including QPSK, 8PSK, and 16QAM, covering dimensionality-reduction-based approaches (e.g., PSA-based phase compression, squarer-based phase multiplication, constellation-mapping-based format conversion), direct symbol matching methods (e.g., phase interference, generalized XNOR, real-time Fourier transform correlation), and reconfigurable designs for multi-format adaptability. Furthermore, the review discusses optimization challenges under non-ideal conditions, such as noise accumulation, phase misalignment, and phase-locking-free operation. Finally, it outlines future directions in robust high-order modulation handling, photonic integration, and AI-driven intelligent matching, offering guidance for the development of optical-layer security technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements and Future Perspectives in All-Optical Detection and Reliability Improvement Technologies)
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