Advances in Levitated Optomechanics

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Interaction Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2025) | Viewed by 1112

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
Interests: optically levitated nanoparticle

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Levitated optomechanics marked by accelerating developments over the past decade reveals its potential applications for fundamental research and metrology. This paradigm enables investigations including macroscopic quantum phenomena, nonlinear thermodynamics, ultrasensitive force/torque detection, gravitational wave astronomy, and many-body physics.

The platform leverages precision optical manipulation to trap dielectric micro- or nanoparticles in high-gradient potential wells within vacuum environments. Benefiting from the high isolation from environmental disturbances and controllability of coupling between the particles and the background gas, it enables unprecedented control over mechanical motion, facilitating explorations of both classical and quantum phenomena. Meanwhile, the ability to work at room temperature simplifies the experimental operation and system maintenance. In recent years, innovations in Paul trap architectures and magnetic levitation techniques have contributed to the studies in a unique way that eliminates the thermal effect induced by the absorption of the trapping laser and supports various types of materials, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) nanodiamonds.

Classical studies focus on mechanical motion, i.e., center-of-mass motion, libration, rotation, and their couplings, while quantum regimes require cooling the particle’s center-of-mass motion or other motion modes to the ground state. Techniques including feedback cooling suppress thermal noise to milliKelvin temperatures, revealing quantum signatures such as zero-point fluctuations. Additionally, the system’s high force/torque sensitivity enables groundbreaking applications. Moreover, the internal degrees of freedom control and their coupling with the external degrees of freedom further expand the research contents.

This Special Issue showcases the research spanning methodological advancements, novel experimental techniques, innovative system architectures, emergent physical phenomena, and creative theoretical frameworks in this field.

Dr. Xudong Yu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • levitated optomechanics
  • optical tweezers
  • paul trap
  • magnetic levitation
  • feedback cooling
  • quantum back-action
  • high-precision sensing
  • macroscopic quantum phenomenon
  • quantum gravity tests
  • dark matter detection
  • nonlinear dynamics
  • stochastic motion
  • multi-particle array

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

24 pages, 23886 KB  
Review
Cooling of Optically Levitated Particles: Principles, Implementations, and Applications
by Jiaming Liu, Yizhe Lin, Han Cai, Xingfan Chen, Nan Li, Huizhu Hu and Cheng Liu
Photonics 2025, 12(10), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12100953 - 24 Sep 2025
Viewed by 890
Abstract
Optically levitated particles in high vacuum offer an exceptionally isolated mechanical platform for photonic control. Effective cooling of their center-of-mass motion is essential not only for enabling ultrasensitive precision sensing but also for opening access to the quantum regime where macroscopic superposition and [...] Read more.
Optically levitated particles in high vacuum offer an exceptionally isolated mechanical platform for photonic control. Effective cooling of their center-of-mass motion is essential not only for enabling ultrasensitive precision sensing but also for opening access to the quantum regime where macroscopic superposition and nonclassical states can be realized. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in active feedback cooling, based on real-time photonic modulation, and passive feedback cooling, driven by optomechanical interactions within optical resonators. We highlight key experimental milestones, including ground state cooling in one and two dimensions, and discuss the emerging applications of these systems in force sensing, inertial metrology, and macroscopic quantum state preparation. Particular attention is given to novel proposals for probing quantum gravity, detecting dark matter and dark energy candidates, and exploring high-frequency gravitational waves. These advancements establish levitated optomechanical systems as a powerful platform for both high-precision metrology and the investigation of fundamental quantum phenomena. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects in cooling multiple degrees of freedom, device integration, and scalability toward future quantum technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Levitated Optomechanics)
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