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Pathogens
Special Issues
Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses
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Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2022) | Viewed by 21693

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yongjun Sui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Interests: to identify the innate and adaptive immunological correlates of protection in human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infection and vaccine development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of novel infectious viruses is a major threat to human health. Viruses including, but not limited to, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAVs) have evolved various of ways of evading human defense mechanisms.  

Much has been learned regarding the emergence and transmission of these viruses.  To control the potential pandemic, we need to develop effective vaccines and antiviral therapeutics.  The key to this is to deeply understand immune pathogenesis/virus–host interaction, and to identify the immune correlates of protection using in vitro and in vivo models.

In this Special Issue titled “Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses”, we would like to invite you to submit a research article, review, or short communication focused on the investigation of innate, adaptive immune responses, to emerging viruses, as well as any vaccine development or therapeutic strategies to control their spread and transmission.

We are looking forward to your contribution.

Dr. Yongjun Sui
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • emerging virus
  • severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
  • Ebola virus
  • Zika virus
  • highly pathogenic influenza A viruses
  • immune responses
  • vaccine
  • viral therapeutics

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Asymptomatic COVID-19 Individuals Tend to Establish Relatively Balanced Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
by Miao Li, Yue Zhang, Jianhua Lu, Li Li, Huixia Gao, Cuiqing Ma, Erhei Dai and Lin Wei
Pathogens 2021, 10(9), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10091105 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The sharp increase in the proportion of asymptomatic cases and the potential risk of virus transmission have greatly increased the difficulty of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The individual immune response is closely associated with clinical outcomes and pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. However, the [...] Read more.
The sharp increase in the proportion of asymptomatic cases and the potential risk of virus transmission have greatly increased the difficulty of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The individual immune response is closely associated with clinical outcomes and pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. However, the clinical characteristics and immunophenotyping features of immune cells of asymptomatic individuals remain somewhat mysterious. To better understand and predict the disease state and progress, we performed a comprehensive analysis of clinical data, laboratory indexes and immunophenotyping features in 41 patients with SARS-CoV-2 (including 24 asymptomatic cases and 17 symptomatic individuals). Firstly, from the perspective of demographic characteristics, the rate of asymptomatic infection was significantly higher in those with younger age. Secondly, the laboratory test results showed that some indexes, such as CRP (acute phase reaction protein), D-Dimer and fibrinogen (the marker for coagulation) were lower in the asymptomatic group. Finally, symptomatic individuals were prone to establishing a non-protective immune phenotype by abnormally decreasing the lymphocyte count and percentage, abnormally increasing the Th17 percentage and decreasing Treg percentage, which therefore cause an increase in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocytes/lymphocytes ratio (MLR) and Th17/Treg ratio. On the other hand, asymptomatic individuals tended to establish a more effective and protective immune phenotype by maintaining a normal level of lymphocyte count and percentage and a high level of NK cells. At the same time, asymptomatic individuals can establish a relatively balanced immune response through maintaining a low level of monocytes, a relatively low level of Th17 and high level of Treg, which therefore lead to a decrease in MNKR and Th17/Treg ratio and finally the avoidance of excessive inflammatory responses. This may be one of the reasons for their asymptomatic states. This study is helpful to reveal the immunological characteristics of asymptomatic individuals, understand immune pathogenesis of COVID-19 and predict clinical outcomes more precisely. However, owing to small sample sizes, a future study with larger sample size is still warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses)
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16 pages, 5342 KiB  
Article
Rapid Generation of Coronaviral Immunity Using Recombinant Peptide Modified Nanodiamonds
by Rostyslav Bilyy, Quentin Pagneux, Nathan François, Galyna Bila, Roman Grytsko, Yuri Lebedin, Alexandre Barras, Jean Dubuisson, Sandrine Belouzard, Karin Séron, Rabah Boukherroub and Sabine Szunerits
Pathogens 2021, 10(7), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070861 - 08 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5526 | Correction
Abstract
Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools to prevent infectious diseases. To ensure that the best possible antigenic components are chosen to stimulate a cognitive immune response, boosting antigen presentation using adjuvants is common practice. Nanodiamond-based adjuvants are proposed here as a [...] Read more.
Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools to prevent infectious diseases. To ensure that the best possible antigenic components are chosen to stimulate a cognitive immune response, boosting antigen presentation using adjuvants is common practice. Nanodiamond-based adjuvants are proposed here as a rapid and versatile platform for antigen conjugation, utilizing peptides common to different pathogenic strains and making this strategy a good candidate for a “ready-to-use” vaccine. Initiation of an inflammatory reaction with a resulting immune response is based on the ability of living organisms to entrap nanostructures such as nanodiamonds with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. In this work, coronavirus peptide homological for MERS-CoV, fusion inhibitor, was conjugated to nanodiamonds and used to induce neutrophilic-driven self-limiting inflammation. The resulting adjuvant was safe and did not induce any tissue damage at the site of injection. Mice immunization resulted in IgG titers of ¼,000 within 28 days. Immunization of rabbits resulted in the formation of a high level of antibodies persistently present for up to 120 days after the first immunization (animal lifespan ~3 years). The peptide used for immunization proved to be reactive with sera of convalescent COVID patients, demonstrating the possibility of developing pancoronaviral vaccine candidates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses)
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18 pages, 4449 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Antibody Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Diagnostic Assessment of New IgM/IgG ELISA Kits
by Hadeel T. Al-Jighefee, Hadi M. Yassine, Maryam A. Al-Nesf, Ali A. Hssain, Sara Taleb, Ahmed S. Mohamed, Hassen Maatoug, Mohamed Mohamedali and Gheyath K. Nasrallah
Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020161 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4836
Abstract
This study aims to study the immune response and evaluate the performances of four new IgM and five IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detecting anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies against different antigens in symptomatic and asymptomatic coronavirus disease [...] Read more.
This study aims to study the immune response and evaluate the performances of four new IgM and five IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detecting anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies against different antigens in symptomatic and asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. A total of 291 samples collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic RT–PCR-confirmed patients were used to evaluate the ELISA kits’ performance (EDI, AnshLabs, DiaPro, NovaLisa, and Lionex). The sensitivity was measured at three different time-intervals post symptoms onset or positive SARS-CoV-2 RT–PCR test (≤14, 14–30, >30 days). The specificity was investigated using 119 pre-pandemic serum samples. The sensitivity of all IgM kits gradually decreased with time, ranging from 48.7% (EDI)–66.4% (Lionex) at ≤14 days, 29.1% (NovaLisa)–61.8% (Lionex) at 14–30 days, and 6.0% (AnshLabs)–47.9% (Lionex) at >30 days. The sensitivity of IgG kits increased with time, peaking in the latest interval (>30 days) at 96.6% (Lionex). Specificity of IgM ranged from 88.2% (Lionex)–99.2% (EDI), while IgG ranged from 75.6% (DiaPro)–98.3% (Lionex). Among all RT–PCR-positive patients, 23 samples (7.9%) were seronegative by all IgG kits, of which only seven samples (30.4%) had detectable IgM antibodies. IgM assays have variable and low sensitivity, thus considered a poor marker for COVID-19 diagnosis. IgG assays can miss at least 8% of RT–PCR-positive cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses)
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Review

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11 pages, 280 KiB  
Review
Potential SARS-CoV-2 Immune Correlates of Protection in Infection and Vaccine Immunization
by Yongjun Sui, Yonas Bekele and Jay A. Berzofsky
Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020138 - 30 Jan 2021
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8323
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and severity. In addition, genetic and innate immune factors, including higher levels [...] Read more.
Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and severity. In addition, genetic and innate immune factors, including higher levels of type I interferons, as well as the induction of trained immunity and local mucosal immunity also contribute to lower risk of infection and amelioration of disease severity. The identification of immune correlates of protection will facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Emerging Viruses)
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