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Pathogens
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Viruses in Water
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Viruses in Water

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 9759

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kristina Nyström

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Infectious Diseases, Institution of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Interests: medical microbiology; hepatitis virus; clinical virology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water is an excellent vehicle for many pathogens (bacteria, viruses and parasites) to reach and infect a new host through. Most viruses in water infecting mammals have fecal–oral spread. They are usually small and non-enveloped. Several of those infecting humans are transmissible from animals and are the cause of many of our serious public health problems. Most of these viruses survive long in water, where they persist at high levels despite the decontamination processes used for both wastewater and drinking water, and may disseminate into river catchments, coastal water, water used in irrigation, and shellfish. All water sources contain viruses infecting different hosts, and if they are present in high amounts and spread to new or old hosts, they may cause a severe public health burden. Monitoring viruses in wastewater can be used as one indicator of the ongoing spread of enteric viruses in society, since these viruses replicate in the gastrointestinal tracts of their hosts. Currently, this is highly relevant regarding the monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, since an increasing amount of these viruses in wastewater reflects the number of infected individuals and precedes an increase in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

This Special Issue will cover a wide range of topics focusing on viruses in water, their transmission, the use of viruses for epidemiology and the purification of sewage and drinking water from viruses. All types of articles will be considered for publication, including short reports, primary research articles and reviews.

We look forward to your contribution.

Dr. Kristina Nyström
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • waterborne virus transmission
  • surveillance
  • wastewater
  • public health
  • drinking water

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2498 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Fate and Transport of MS2 Bacteriophage and Sodium Fluorescein in a Karstic Chalk Aquifer
by Daniel Matthews, Simon Bottrell, Landis Jared West, Louise Maurice, Andrew Farrant, Sarah Purnell and Danny Coffey
Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020168 - 13 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1577
Abstract
Groundwater flow and contaminant migration tracing is a vital method of identifying and characterising pollutant source-pathway-receptor linkages in karst aquifers. Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative tracer to non-reactive fluorescent dye tracers, as high titres (>1012 pfu mL−1) can be safely [...] Read more.
Groundwater flow and contaminant migration tracing is a vital method of identifying and characterising pollutant source-pathway-receptor linkages in karst aquifers. Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative tracer to non-reactive fluorescent dye tracers, as high titres (>1012 pfu mL−1) can be safely released into the aquifer, offering improved tracer detectability. However, the interpretation of bacteriophage tracer breakthrough curves is complicated as their fate and transport are impacted by aquifer physicochemical conditions. A comparative tracer migration experiment was conducted in a peri-urban catchment in southeast England to characterise the behaviour of MS2 bacteriophage relative to sodium fluorescein dye in a karstic chalk aquifer. Tracers were released into a stream sink and detected at two abstraction boreholes located 3 km and 10 km away. At both sites, the loss of MS2 phage greatly exceeded that of the solute tracer. In contrast, the qualitative shape of the dye and phage breakthrough curves were visually very similar, suggesting that the bacteriophage arriving at each site was governed by comparable transport parameters to the non-reactive dye tracer. The colloid filtration theory was applied to explain the apparent contradiction of comparable tracer breakthrough patterns despite massive phage losses in the subsurface. One-dimensional transport models were also fitted to each breakthrough curve to facilitate a quantitative comparison of the transport parameter values. The model results suggest that the bacteriophage migrates through the conduit system slightly faster than the fluorescent dye, but that the former is significantly less dispersed. These results suggest that whilst the bacteriophage tracer cannot be used to predict receptor concentrations from transport via karstic flow paths, it can provide estimates for groundwater flow and solute contaminant transit times. This study also provides insight into the attenuation and transport of pathogenic viruses in karstic chalk aquifers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in Water)
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7 pages, 1062 KiB  
Communication
Environmental Monitoring for Enteroviruses in Maputo, Mozambique—2018
by Diocreciano Matias Bero, Sheila António Nhassengo, Ivanildo Pedro Sousa, Jr., Silas Oliveira de Sousa, Raiana Scerni Machado, Amanda Meireles Nunes Dias, Cristiane de Sousa Ferreira, Fernanda Marcicano Burlandy, Nilsa de Deus and Edson Elias da Silva
Pathogens 2022, 11(5), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050527 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
Due to the possibility of wild poliovirus importation from endemic regions and the high circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in the African region, Mozambique implemented a surveillance program to monitor the circulation of enteroviruses in the environment. From January to November 2018, [...] Read more.
Due to the possibility of wild poliovirus importation from endemic regions and the high circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 in the African region, Mozambique implemented a surveillance program to monitor the circulation of enteroviruses in the environment. From January to November 2018, a period that immediately preceded the cVDPV outbreak in Africa, 63 wastewater samples were collected from different areas in Maputo city. A total of 25 samples (39.7%) were positive based on cell culture isolation. Non-polio enteroviruses were found in 24 samples (24/25; 96%), whereas 1 Sabin-related poliovirus was isolated. Neither wild nor vaccine-derived poliovirus was detected. High circulation of EVB species was detected. Environmental surveillance in the One Health approach, if effectively applied as support to acute flaccid paralysis, can be a powerful aid to the public health system to monitor poliovirus besides non-polio enteroviruses in polio-free areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in Water)
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9 pages, 1380 KiB  
Communication
Comparison of Auto Sampling and Passive Sampling Methods for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater
by Melissa Wilson, Yuanyuan Qiu, Jiaao Yu, Bonita E. Lee, David T. McCarthy and Xiaoli Pang
Pathogens 2022, 11(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030359 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2867
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance is emerging as an important tool for the COVID-19 pandemic trending. Current methods of wastewater collection, such as grab and auto-composite sampling, have drawbacks that impede effective surveillance, especially from small catchments with limited accessibility. Passive samplers, which are more cost-effective [...] Read more.
Wastewater-based surveillance is emerging as an important tool for the COVID-19 pandemic trending. Current methods of wastewater collection, such as grab and auto-composite sampling, have drawbacks that impede effective surveillance, especially from small catchments with limited accessibility. Passive samplers, which are more cost-effective and require fewer resources to process, are promising candidates for monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we compared traditional auto sampling with passive sampling for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater. A torpedo-style 3D-printed passive sampler device containing both cotton swabs and electronegative filter membranes was used. Between April and June 2021, fifteen passive samplers were placed at a local hospital’s wastewater outflow alongside an autosampler. Reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the samples after processing and RNA extraction. The swab and membrane of the passive sampler showed similar detection rates and cycle threshold (Ct) values for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for the N1 and N2 gene targets. The passive method performed as well as the grab/auto sampling, with no significant differences between N1 and N2 Ct values. There were discrepant results on two days with negative grab/auto samples and positive passive samples, which might be related to the longer duration of passive sampling in the study. Overall, the passive sampler was rapid, reliable, and cost-effective, and could be used as an alternative sampling method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in Water)
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10 pages, 813 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina
by Emily S. Bailey, Margret Hopkins, Lisa Casanova and Mark D. Sobsey
Pathogens 2021, 10(12), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121603 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2017
Abstract
Surface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the [...] Read more.
Surface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the risks associated with such reuse. In North Carolina, potable reuse has been proposed as a combination of at least 80% surface water with up to 20% tertiary-treated, dual-disinfected, reclaimed wastewater, which is then stored for 5 days and further treated using conventional drinking water treatment methods. The state of North Carolina has set standards for both intake surface water and for the reclaimed water produced by wastewater utilities, using indicator microorganisms to measure compliance. The goal of this study was to quantify fecal indicator microorganisms, specifically E. coli, coliphages, and C. perfringens as well as key pathogens, specifically Salmonella spp. bacteria, adenoviruses, noroviruses, and the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia, in two types of water representing potential candidates for potable reuse in North Carolina, (1) run of river surface water and (2) sewage-impacted surface waters, with the purpose of determining if there are predictive relationships between these two microorganism groups that support microbial indicator reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in Water)
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