Surveillance, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases of Bees

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2026 | Viewed by 5399

Special Issue Editor

Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, BC, Canada
Interests: honeybees; veterinary medicine; animal science; pathology; virology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A number of pathogens are known to affect bees, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Some pathogens have been associated with significant losses in managed pollinators, while others impact unmanaged bees, thereby hindering their ability to contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems and agroecosystems. Active surveillance of pathogens, as well as their effective and timely detection, is critical to preventing their spread. Active surveillance is also critical for the timely detection of emerging diseases, which have become of great interest due to the global exchange of bees or the accidental introduction of invasive pests. Additionally, understanding the dynamic nature of host–pathogen interactions is important for producing better solutions to counteract the effects of diseases. Until now, there remain numerous unanswered questions regarding the life cycle, pathogenicity, and virulence of many pathogens that infect bees. These questions are crucial as they guide the development of therapeutic alternatives, such as antiviral treatments and biocontrol methods. This Special Issue aims to bring together cutting-edge studies that advance our understanding of the life cycle of bee pathogens, their transmission, host-pathogen dynamics, surveillance and detection strategies, and therapeutic options.

Dr. Nuria Morfin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bee pathogens
  • infectious diseases
  • pathogen surveillance
  • pathogenicity
  • host–pathogen interactions

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

19 pages, 2979 KB  
Article
Effect of Selection for Low and High Varroa destructor Population Growth Rates on the Honey Bee Transcriptome
by Alvaro De la Mora, Paul H. Goodwin, Tatiana Petukhova and Ernesto Guzman-Novoa
Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111077 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
Varroa destructor is a major health problem for honey bees (Apis mellifera). Selective breeding of Varroa-resistant bees is a suitable long-term solution to Varroa parasitism. After three generations of selecting honey bees for lower (resistant) and higher (susceptible) V. destructor [...] Read more.
Varroa destructor is a major health problem for honey bees (Apis mellifera). Selective breeding of Varroa-resistant bees is a suitable long-term solution to Varroa parasitism. After three generations of selecting honey bees for lower (resistant) and higher (susceptible) V. destructor population growth (LVG and HVG, respectively), LVG bees showed increased behavioral, cellular, and humoral immunity against Varroa. To further analyze resistance, the transcriptomes of both bee genotypes were examined, revealing that parasitized LVG bees had fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than parasitized HVG bees, indicating a reduced impact by Varroa with greater resistance. Annotations of the altered DEGs showed that both genotypes were affected with an increased demand for energy, protein, and repair during parasitism. However, there were also DEGs in LVG bees, possibly related to resistance, such as up-regulation of odorant binding protein genes and down-regulation of the corazonin receptor gene, whereas DEGs in the HVG bees may be more related to stress, such as up-regulation of ATP synthase and down-regulation of the transcription factor dorsal. Overall, this work shows that selection for LVG and HVG bees resulted in genotypes with widespread differences in gene expression during Varroa parasitism, which may be related to resistance and susceptibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases of Bees)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 912 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Organic and Commercial Treatments Against Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera: Implications for Honey Yield in Northeastern Mexico
by Jesús Humberto Reyna-Fuentes, Oscar Vicente Vazquez-Mendoza, Mirelly Venecia Mireles-Villanueva, Daniel López-Aguirre, Juana Maria Coronado-Blanco, Ruben Alberto Muñoz-Sánchez and Francisco Reyes-Zepeda
Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101051 - 18 Oct 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
Infestation by Varroa destructor represents one of the major challenges for beekeeping, as it compromises both colony health and honey productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different organic treatments for the control of V. destructor and their [...] Read more.
Infestation by Varroa destructor represents one of the major challenges for beekeeping, as it compromises both colony health and honey productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different organic treatments for the control of V. destructor and their effect on honey production in Apis mellifera colonies located on the central region of Tamaulipas, Mexico. A total of 150 colonies were assigned to five treatments: T1, oxalic acid with glycerin; T2, sublimated oxalic acid; T3, Thymol, T4; HappyVarr; and T5, an untreated control. Mite infestation (initial and final) and honey production were analyzed using a non-parametric approach and were evaluated with the Kruskal–Wallis test, and when significant differences were detected, Steel–Dwass multiple comparisons were performed. To examine the relationship between infestation reduction and honey yield, Spearman’s rank correlation was applied. No significant differences were observed in the initial infestation levels. However, final infestation levels showed highly significant differences among treatments (p < 0.0001), with T1, T2, T3, and sublimated oxalic acid (T4) significantly reducing mite infestation compared with the control. Sublimated oxalic acid represents the most effective and productive control method under the tested conditions. Honey production also differed significantly among treatments (p < 0.0001), with the highest yields recorded in T3 and T4. A strong negative correlation was detected between final infestation and honey production (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, treatments based on oxalic acid (particularly sublimated) and HappyVarr proved effective in reducing V. destructor infestation and improving honey production, highlighting their relevance as viable alternatives for sanitary management in beekeeping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases of Bees)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 901 KB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of an Oxalic Acid and Glycerin Formulation for Varroa destructor Control in Honey Bee Colonies During Summer in a Northern Climate
by Daniel Thurston, Les Eccles, Melanie Kempers, Daniel Borges, Kelsey Ducsharm, Lynae Ovinge, Dave Stotesbury, Rod Scarlett, Paul Kozak, Tatiana Petukhova, Ernesto Guzman-Novoa and Nuria Morfin
Pathogens 2025, 14(8), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14080724 - 22 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4212
Abstract
Effective control of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies relies on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to prevent mite populations from reaching economic injury levels. Formulations of oxalic acid combined with glycerin may provide a viable [...] Read more.
Effective control of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies relies on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to prevent mite populations from reaching economic injury levels. Formulations of oxalic acid combined with glycerin may provide a viable summer treatment option in continental Northern climates. This study evaluated the efficacy of oxalic acid and glycerin strips compared to oxalic acid dribble and 65% formic acid when applied in mid-August. Mite levels and colony health parameters were assessed, and honey samples from oxalic acid-treated colonies were analyzed for residue levels. Results showed that the oxalic acid and glycerin strips had a moderate acaricidal efficacy (55.8 ± 3.2%), which was significantly higher than those of 65% formic acid (42.6 ± 3.2%) and oxalic acid dribble (39.5 ± 4.3%), which did not differ between them, suggesting potential for summer mite control. No significant adverse effects on cluster size, worker mortality, queen status, or colony survival were observed. Oxalic acid and glycerin increased the proportion of spotty brood patterns at early timepoints after treatment, but recovery was noted after 45 days of starting the treatment. Similar effects on brood were observed with 65% formic acid 14 days after starting the treatment, with recovery by 28 and 45 days after starting the treatment. No significant differences in oxalic acid residues in honey from the control and treatment colonies were found. Oxalic acid and glycerin strips might help control varroa mite populations, delaying their exponential growth and helping reduce economic losses for beekeepers, but this treatment should be considered as part of an IPM strategy and not a stand-alone method for V. destructor control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance, Detection and Control of Infectious Diseases of Bees)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop