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Minerals
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Formation, Mineralogy, Geochemistry of Phosphate Deposits
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Formation, Mineralogy, Geochemistry of Phosphate Deposits

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 6908

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şaşmaz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geological Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
Interests: mining geology; geochemistry; sedimentary mining deposits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

Wars between countries and different political behaviors cause food crises, especially in poor countries. The most important tool of food production is directly through production. Overproduction necessitates the use of the right fertilizer. Phosphate, which is the main raw fertilizer material, will become a much more strategic raw material in the future than it is now. It will continue to be a critical commodity as the supply–demand balance shifts towards the supply gap as a result of newly commissioned factories. The search for new phosphate deposits is an important part of reducing the supply gap, and successful exploration depends on accessing fundamental information about the phosphate mineralogy, geochemistry, and metallogenesis of deposits. This Special Issue aims to collate existing and new research on new deposits in phosphate metallogenesis, its mineralogical and geochemical properties, geochronology.

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şaşmaz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • phosphate deposits
  • mineralogy
  • mineral chemistry
  • geochemistry
  • geochronology

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 3021 KiB  
Article
Environmental Geochemistry of Potentially Toxic Metals in Phosphate Rocks, Products, and Their Wastes in the Algerian Phosphate Mining Area (Tébessa, NE Algeria)
by Bilal Boumaza, Tatiana Vladimirovna Chekushina, Rabah Kechiched, Nouara Benabdeslam, Lemya Brahmi, Dmitry Evgenievich Kucher and Nazih Yacer Rebouh
Minerals 2023, 13(7), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070853 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3771
Abstract
This study is focused on the environmental geochemistry of potentially toxic metals (PTMs)-bearing products and wastes in a mining area in Djebel Onk (NE Algeria) and their potential ecological and health risk assessment. Representative samples from (i) commercial products and (ii) grain size [...] Read more.
This study is focused on the environmental geochemistry of potentially toxic metals (PTMs)-bearing products and wastes in a mining area in Djebel Onk (NE Algeria) and their potential ecological and health risk assessment. Representative samples from (i) commercial products and (ii) grain size classes of wastes were mineralogically characterized using X-ray diffraction. The major and PTMs elements in the samples were chemically analyzed via ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively. The results reveal that the samples were mostly composed of carbonate fluorapatite (P2O5 > 24 wt %) and yielded PTM concentrations within the average range of phosphorites in neighboring countries and worldwide deposits as well. The concentrations of V, Cd, As, Ni, and Pb in the products were found to be within the acceptable values according to various standards, such as the Canadian and German Fertilizer Ordinance policies. Geochemically, PTMs distribution is linked to the main sub-composition of phosphate rock (apatite, clay, and dolomite). The Enrichment Factors (EF) display very-high-to-extremely-high enrichment of PTMs (Cr, Zn, As, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Th, and U), while V, Co, Cu, Ni, Zr, Ga, Nb, and Pb show minor and moderate-to-high enrichments. Among all the PTMs, Cd, Tl, and U display a very high ecological risk (PERI) and contribute most to the total risk index (RI). The human health risk assessment of PTMs represented by the Hazard Index (HI) indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks are below the threshold values (HI < 1), while the HI values are higher for children than they are for adults. However, the cancer index (life time cancer risk) for Cr, Ni, As, and Cd for children and Cd for adults is greater than the acceptable threshold. These results are useful for phosphate beneficiation via removing these PTMs from the commercial product for efficient waste management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Formation, Mineralogy, Geochemistry of Phosphate Deposits)
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19 pages, 4415 KiB  
Article
Geochemical Evidence of Ediacaran Phosphate Nodules in the Volyno-Podillya-Moldavia Basin, Ukraine
by Ahmet Sasmaz, Bilge Sasmaz, Yevheniia Soldatenko, Abderrazak El Albani, Edward Zhovinsky and Nataliya Kryuchenko
Minerals 2023, 13(4), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040539 - 12 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2581
Abstract
The sedimentary basin of Podillya (Volyno-Podillya-Moldavia) is situated in the southwest of the Ukrainian crystalline shield and belongs to the middle part of the Upper Neoproterozoic section of the Moguiliv-Podilska Group. By analyzing the primary oxide, trace, and rare-earth element compositions of the [...] Read more.
The sedimentary basin of Podillya (Volyno-Podillya-Moldavia) is situated in the southwest of the Ukrainian crystalline shield and belongs to the middle part of the Upper Neoproterozoic section of the Moguiliv-Podilska Group. By analyzing the primary oxide, trace, and rare-earth element compositions of the phosphate nodules in the area, this study sought to shed light on the potential precipitation characteristics of the Ediacaran Sea, where phosphate nodules were created. The mean major oxide contents of the nodules were 50.8 wt.% CaO, 34.2 wt.% P2O5, 5.29 wt.% SiO2, 4.77 wt.% LOI, 1.69 wt% Fe2O3, 1.63 wt% Al2O3, and 0.35 wt.% MnO. The average trace element concentrations were 183 ppm Ba, 395 ppm Sr, 13.4 ppm Ni, 32.7 ppm Cr, 62.2 ppm Zn, 764 ppm Y, 16 ppm V, 10.8 ppm As, 75.8 ppm Cu, 84 ppm Pb, 2.1 ppm U, 1.7 ppm Th, and 4.2 ppm Co. The trace element contents were generally low and indicated an assemblage of Cu, Y, As, Cd, and Pb enrichments in comparison to PAAS. The total REE concentrations varied from 1638 ppm to 3602 ppm. The nodules had medium REE (MREE) enrichments and showed similar REE patterns normalized to PAAS. All the nodules had strongly negative Ce, Pr, and Y anomalies and substantially negative Eu anomalies, with four samples being exceptions. These abnormalities suggest that oxic and suboxic sea conditions existed at the time the nodules formed. The extremely high REE concentrations are thought to be the result of REEs being redistributed between the authigenic and detrital phases that were created during the diagenetic equilibration of phosphate with pore water. The genetic hypothesis for phosphate nodule formation states that the nodules were generally formed in oxic and suboxic seawater and were precipitated on slopes in response to a significant upwelling from a deeper basin with abundant organic matter under anoxic/suboxic conditions. The majority of the organic material at the water–sediment interface of the seafloor underwent oxidation before phosphate was released into the pore water of the sediment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Formation, Mineralogy, Geochemistry of Phosphate Deposits)
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