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Microorganisms
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Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease
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Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Public Health Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2021) | Viewed by 14940

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonio Piralla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Interests: enterovirus; respiratory tract infections; influenza; rhinovirus; virus diseases
Dr. Elena Pariani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
Interests: molecular-epidemiology; prevention of viral infections; influenza; COVID-19; acute respiratory infections
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

This Special Issue will focus on the “Epidemiology and clinical impact of Enteroviruses” and will be a significant source of knowledge about new and relevant aspects on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Enteroviruses and their associated diseases.

Enteroviruses (Enterovirus genus, Picornaviridae family) are distributed worldwide and are among the most common causes of human disease globally. This viral genus includes both well-known human pathogens—such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus and rhinoviruses—and emerging viruses—such as enteroviruses 71 and D68. Enteroviruses are associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from respiratory, gastrointestinal or skin symptoms, to severe infections of myocardium or central nervous system. The number of new Enteroviruses has been increasing in recent years, and more than 250 genotypes (including 160 rhinoviruses genotypes) have been recognized so far. Emerging enteroviruses, such as D68 and enteroviruses belonging to species C, have taught us that even in a polio-free world, these viruses are still able to cause devastating diseases, such as severe neurological infections, polio-like acute flaccid paralysis/myelitis, and life-threatening respiratory diseases. In this perspective, Enterovirus surveillance takes over a key role in the post-polio elimination era, acting as an early warning system not only of any potential poliovirus re-introduction, but also of outbreaks of other potentially threatening enteroviruses, as demonstrated by the re-emergence of enterovirus D68 in North America and some European countries over the last few years. The overall aim of this Special Issue is to provide a global and comprehensive picture of Enterovirus circulation, epidemiological characteristics, and changes of clinical presentations associated with either unexpected or well-known Enterovirus genotypes that may impact on public health.

Manuscripts dealing with systemic review will only be acceptable in rare cases.

Dr. Antonio Piralla
Prof. Elena Pariani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Enteroviruses
  • public health
  • epidemiology
  • clinical oucome
  • molecular chracterization
  • emerging virus

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue “Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease”
by Antonio Piralla and Elena Pariani
Microorganisms 2022, 10(6), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061221 - 15 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
Enteroviruses (Enterovirus genus, Picornaviridae family) are distributed worldwide and are among the most common causes of human disease globally [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)

Research

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10 pages, 6563 KiB  
Article
Molecular Epidemiology of Rhinovirus/Enterovirus and Their Role on Cause Severe and Prolonged Infection in Hospitalized Patients
by Federica A. M. Giardina, Antonio Piralla, Guglielmo Ferrari, Federica Zavaglio, Irene Cassaniti and Fausto Baldanti
Microorganisms 2022, 10(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040755 - 31 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
Rhinovirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses, causing both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It affects mainly children and could cause prolonged infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Here we report our data on a 15-month surveillance of Rhinovirus seasonality and [...] Read more.
Rhinovirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses, causing both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It affects mainly children and could cause prolonged infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Here we report our data on a 15-month surveillance of Rhinovirus seasonality and circulation in Lombardy Region, Italy. All rhinovirus/enterovirus-positive samples were amplified with RT-PCR for the VP4-VP2 region to assign the correct genotype. The median age of RV/EV-positive patients is 9 years, with a range of 0–96. RV-A and RV-C were detected in the majority of cases, while RV-B accounted for less than 10% of cases. An enterovirus species was detected in 6.45% of the cases. A total of 7% of the patients included in this study had a prolonged infection with a median duration of 62 days. All these patients were immunocompromised and most of them were pediatric with an RV-A infection. Two outbreaks were identified, mainly in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and Oncohematology Department, caused by RV A89 and C43, respectively. Nearly 4.5% of the patients were admitted to the ICU requiring mechanical ventilation; all of which had preexisting comorbidities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)
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12 pages, 1536 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology of Echovirus 30 Infections Detected in a University Hospital in Catalonia, Spain, in 1995–2020
by Margarita del Cuerpo, Jon Gonzalez de Audicana, Maria Dolores Fernandez-Garcia, Pilar Marín, Montserrat Esteban, Montserrat Español, María Cabrerizo and Núria Rabella
Microorganisms 2022, 10(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030592 - 09 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
There is a growing interest in echovirus 30 (E30), an enterovirus responsible for neurological disease and hospitalization. There are multiple studies of outbreaks, but few that study the epidemiology over long periods of time. Our study aims to describe the clinical, epidemiological and [...] Read more.
There is a growing interest in echovirus 30 (E30), an enterovirus responsible for neurological disease and hospitalization. There are multiple studies of outbreaks, but few that study the epidemiology over long periods of time. Our study aims to describe the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of a series of E30 infections detected over 26 years. Data were retrospectively collected from a database of all enterovirus infections identified in our laboratory. They were detected by viral isolation or nucleic acid detection in patients presenting with respiratory or neurological infections, rash, sepsis-like syndrome, or gastroenteritis. Enterovirus genotyping was performed by amplification of the VP1 gene using RT-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and BLAST analysis. Of the 2402 enterovirus infections detected, 1619 were linked to at least one genotype and 173 were caused by E30. Clinical information was available for 158 (91.3%) patients. E30 was associated with neurological infection in 107 (67.8%) cases and it was detected almost every year. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with 67 sequences. We observed that E30 strains circulating in Catalonia from 1996 to 2016 belong to two lineages (E and F), although the majority cluster was in F. In 2018, lineage I emerged as the dominant lineage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)
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12 pages, 250 KiB  
Article
European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network: Introduction of Hospital-Based Surveillance Network to Understand the True Disease Burden of Non-Polio Enterovirus and Parechovirus Infections in Europe
by Heli Harvala, Kimberley S. M. Benschop, Natasa Berginc, Sofie Midgley, Katja Wolthers, Peter Simmonds, Susan Feeney, Jean-Luc Bailly, Audrey Mirand, Thea K. Fischer and on behalf of the ENPEN Hospital-Based Surveillance Network
Microorganisms 2021, 9(9), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091827 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3006
Abstract
Background. Non-polio enteroviruses (EVs) and human parechoviruses (PeVs) cause a wide range of human infections. Limited data on their true disease burden exist as standardized European-wide surveillance is lacking. Aims. Our aim is to estimate the disease burden of EV and PeV infections [...] Read more.
Background. Non-polio enteroviruses (EVs) and human parechoviruses (PeVs) cause a wide range of human infections. Limited data on their true disease burden exist as standardized European-wide surveillance is lacking. Aims. Our aim is to estimate the disease burden of EV and PeV infections in Europe via establishment of standardized surveillance for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and respiratory and neurological infections caused by these viruses. We will also assess the sensitivity of assays implemented in the network of participating laboratories so that all EV and PeV types are adequately detected. Plan. The European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network (ENPEN) has developed standardized protocols for a prospective, multi-center and cross-sectional hospital-based pilot study. Protocols include guidance for diagnosis, case definition, detection, characterization and reporting of EV and PeV infections associated with HFMD and respiratory and neurological diseases. Over 30 sites from 17 European countries have already registered to this one pilot study, likely to be commenced in 2022. Benefits. This surveillance will allow European-wide comparison of data on EV and PeV infection. These data will also be used to determine the burden of EV and PeV infections, which is needed to guide the further prevention measures and policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)
17 pages, 3657 KiB  
Article
Enteroviruses from Humans and Great Apes in the Republic of Congo: Recombination within Enterovirus C Serotypes
by Inestin Amona, Hacène Medkour, Jean Akiana, Bernard Davoust, Mamadou Lamine Tall, Clio Grimaldier, Celine Gazin, Christine Zandotti, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola, Didier Raoult, Florence Fenollar, Henri Banga-Mboko and Oleg Mediannikov
Microorganisms 2020, 8(11), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111779 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are viruses of the family Picornaviridae that cause mild to severe infections in humans and in several animal species, including non-human primates (NHPs). We conducted a survey and characterization of enteroviruses circulating between humans and great apes in the Congo. Fecal [...] Read more.
Enteroviruses (EVs) are viruses of the family Picornaviridae that cause mild to severe infections in humans and in several animal species, including non-human primates (NHPs). We conducted a survey and characterization of enteroviruses circulating between humans and great apes in the Congo. Fecal samples (N = 24) of gorillas and chimpanzees living close to or distant from humans in three Congolese parks were collected, as well as from healthy humans (N = 38) living around and within these parks. Enteroviruses were detected in 29.4% of gorilla and 13.15% of human feces, including wild and human-habituated gorillas, local humans and eco-guards. Two identical strains were isolated from two humans coming from two remote regions. Their genomes were similar and all genes showed their close similarity to coxsackieviruses, except for the 3C, 3D and 5′-UTR regions, where they were most similar to poliovirus 1 and 2, suggesting recombination. Recombination events were found between these strains, poliovirus 1 and 2 and EV-C99. It is possible that the same EV-C species circulated in both humans and apes in different regions in the Congo, which must be confirmed in other investigations. In addition, other studies are needed to further investigate the circulation and genetic diversity of enteroviruses in the great ape population, to draw a definitive conclusion on the different species and types of enteroviruses circulating in the Republic of Congo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)
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Review

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23 pages, 333 KiB  
Review
Rhinovirus Infection in Children with Acute Bronchiolitis and Its Impact on Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma Development
by Carlotta Biagi, Alessandro Rocca, Giulia Poletti, Marianna Fabi and Marcello Lanari
Microorganisms 2020, 8(10), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101620 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2782
Abstract
Acute bronchiolitis represents the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Together with a respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (RV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with bronchiolitis, and its genetic diversity (>150 types) makes the recurrence of RV infections each year quite [...] Read more.
Acute bronchiolitis represents the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. Together with a respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus (RV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with bronchiolitis, and its genetic diversity (>150 types) makes the recurrence of RV infections each year quite typical. The frequency of RV infection and co-infection with other viruses and its impact on the clinical course of bronchiolitis have been studied by several authors with controversial results. Some studies demonstrate that multiple virus infections result in more severe clinical presentation and a higher risk of complications, whereas other studies suggest no influence on clinical course. Moreover, RV bronchiolitis has been reported to potentially contribute to the development of long-term sequelae, such as recurrent wheezing and asthma, in the pediatric population. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings of the role of RV infection in children with acute bronchiolitis, its impact on subsequent asthma development, and the implication in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Enterovirus Disease)
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