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Metrology
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Advances in Portable 3D Measurement
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Advances in Portable 3D Measurement

A special issue of Metrology (ISSN 2673-8244).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 March 2023) | Viewed by 15566

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stephen Kyle

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
Interests: precise 3D measurement; primarily large volume metrology (LVM) requiring sub-millimetre measurements for the manufacture and assembly of large components
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Stuart Robson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, University College London, London WC1E 6DE, UK
Interests: photogrammetry; 3D imaging; metrology; heritage recording
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Ben Hughes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
Interests: metrology laser trackers micro thrust coordinate metrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Edition of Metrology will focus on advances and the state of the art in portable 3D measurements. This part of the 3D measurement and metrology spectrum is closely associated with the manufacture of large objects such as cars, aircraft, and ships as well as large scientific infrastructure such as telescopes and particle accelerators. However, the scalable nature of many of these portable measurement technologies also enables the accurate modeling of small objects such as museum artefacts and features such as surface damage. They can further be integrated into production lines where they collect large amounts of 3D data for the effective analysis of production methods.

The development and application of portable 3D measurement technologies has been growing since the 1970s, and they have had a significant impact on diverse fields such as manufacturing, construction, and heritage recording. Development continues with no obvious plateau in sight. This is an interesting, exciting, and challenging field for researchers, developers, and end users, and this new journal will contribute to that process.

Dr. Stephen Kyle
Prof. Dr. Stuart Robson
Prof. Ben Hughes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metrology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • portable coordinate metrology (PCM)
  • large-volume metrology (LVM)
  • close-range photogrammetry
  • 3D surface scanning
  • laser scanning
  • laser tracking
  • CMM arms
  • Metrology assisted manufacturing (e.g. machining, assembly etc)
  • Robot calibration
  • Metrological traceability (to the SI), Calibration, Uncertainty
  • Automation of portable 3D metrology
  • AR integration in 3D metrology
  • 3D data analysis for quality maintenance
  • www.3dmc.events
  • www.cmsc.org

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for Special Issue: “Advances in Portable 3D Measurement”
by Stephen Kyle, Stuart Robson and Ben Hughes
Metrology 2023, 3(4), 377-380; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3040023 - 23 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
In the context of the journal Metrology, portable 3D measurement is focused on manufacturing applications where there are typically demands for high-accuracy 3D data, with uncertainties in the range of a few 10s of micrometres to a few tenths of millimetres [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

36 pages, 21671 KiB  
Article
3D Model-Based Large-Volume Metrology Supporting Smart Manufacturing and Digital Twin Concepts
by Richard P. Lindqvist, Daniel Strand, Mikael Nilsson, Victor Collins, Johan Torstensson, Jonas Kressin, Domenico Spensieri and Andreas Archenti
Metrology 2023, 3(1), 29-64; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology3010002 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4478
Abstract
New automated laser radar measurement systems at the Saab Inc. West Lafayette, USA, facility will make airframe assembly of the aft body for the new eT7-A aircraft a quicker, more cost-efficient process. Digital twin concepts realized through simulation and off-line programming show advantageous [...] Read more.
New automated laser radar measurement systems at the Saab Inc. West Lafayette, USA, facility will make airframe assembly of the aft body for the new eT7-A aircraft a quicker, more cost-efficient process. Digital twin concepts realized through simulation and off-line programming show advantageous results when studying future state scenarios or investigating how a current large-volume dimensional metrology system acts and behaves. The aim of this exploration has been to examine how to facilitate the design and programming of automated laser radar concepts by means of novel simulation-based software. High-speed computing algorithms efficiently solve tasks and sequence problems related to many statistical combinatorial possibilities in calculations. However, this approach requires accurate and reliable models and digital twins that are continuously updated with real world data and information. In this paper, the main contributions are to create procedures to define the dimensional metrology workflow at Saab and to model and simulate the laser radar process, enhancing and tailoring existing offline programming software by specific new functionalities. A case study conducted at Saab Aeronautics premises in Linköping acted as a clinical laboratory to generate our research findings. The exploratory work indicates that a reliable simulation-based development method can be used advantageously in the early-stage design layout of automated dimensional metrology systems to verify and guarantee the line-of-sight of, e.g., a laser light path and its allowed inclinations to a specific geometrical feature to be measured, extracted, and evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
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15 pages, 2051 KiB  
Article
Methodology to Evaluate the Performance of Portable Photogrammetry for Large-Volume Metrology
by Pablo Puerto, Daniel Heißelmann, Simon Müller and Alberto Mendikute
Metrology 2022, 2(3), 320-334; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology2030020 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3081
Abstract
The increased relevance of large-volume metrology (LVM) in industrial applications entails certain challenges: measurements must be cost-efficient and the technologies must be easy to use while ensuring accuracy and reliability. Portable photogrammetry shows great potential to overcome such challenges, but industrial users do [...] Read more.
The increased relevance of large-volume metrology (LVM) in industrial applications entails certain challenges: measurements must be cost-efficient and the technologies must be easy to use while ensuring accuracy and reliability. Portable photogrammetry shows great potential to overcome such challenges, but industrial users do not yet rely on its accuracy for large scenarios (3 to 64 m), especially when mass-market cameras are not conceived of as industrial metrology instruments. Furthermore, the measurement results might also depend on the operator’s skills and knowledge of the key process variables. In this work, a methodology was designed so that the measurement uncertainty of portable photogrammetry can be evaluated under controlled conditions for LVM. To do so, PTB’s reference wall, which was designed to assess laser-based methods applied to large volumes, was used as a reference artefact to study the measurement performance under different conditions, enabling an analysis of the relative influence of two process variables: the spatial arrangement of the optical instruments on the scene, and the relative camera poses for an accurate triangulation. According to these variables, different measuring conditions were designed (Monte Carlo analysis), and experimentally evaluated and reported (LME, length measuring errors), analysing the performance figures expected from both unskilled and expert users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
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19 pages, 5167 KiB  
Article
Development of a Toolchain for Automated Optical 3D Metrology Tasks
by Prakash Jamakatel, Maximilian Eberhardt and Florian Kerber
Metrology 2022, 2(2), 274-292; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology2020017 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2404
Abstract
Modern manufacturing processes are characterized by growing product diversities and complexities alike. As a result, the demand for fast and flexible process automation is ever increasing. However, higher individuality and smaller batch sizes hamper the use of standard robotic automation systems, which are [...] Read more.
Modern manufacturing processes are characterized by growing product diversities and complexities alike. As a result, the demand for fast and flexible process automation is ever increasing. However, higher individuality and smaller batch sizes hamper the use of standard robotic automation systems, which are well suited for repetitive tasks but struggle in unknown environments. Modern manipulators, such as collaborative industrial robots, provide extended capabilities for flexible automation. In this paper, an adaptive ROS-based end-to-end toolchain for vision-guided robotic process automation is presented. The processing steps comprise several consecutive tasks: CAD-based object registration, pose generation for sensor-guided applications, trajectory generation for the robotic manipulator, the execution of sensor-guided robotic processes, test and the evaluation of the results. The main benefits of the ROS framework are readily applicable tools for digital twin functionalities and established interfaces for various manipulator systems. To prove the validity of this approach, an application example for surface reconstruction was implemented with a 3D vision system. In this example, feature extraction is the basis for viewpoint generation, which, in turn, defines robotic trajectories to perform the inspection task. Two different feature point extraction algorithms using neural networks and Voronoi covariance measures, respectively, are implemented and evaluated to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed toolchain. The results showed that complex geometries can be automatically reconstructed, and they outperformed a standard method used as a reference. Hence, extensions to other vision-controlled applications seem to be feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
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22 pages, 3285 KiB  
Article
Multilateration with Self-Calibration: Uncertainty Assessment, Experimental Measurements and Monte-Carlo Simulations
by Joffray Guillory, Daniel Truong and Jean-Pierre Wallerand
Metrology 2022, 2(2), 241-262; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology2020015 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
Large-volume metrology is essential to many high-value industries and contributes to the factories of the future. In this context, we have developed a tri-dimensional coordinate measurement system based on a multilateration technique with self-calibration. In practice, an absolute distance meter, traceable to the [...] Read more.
Large-volume metrology is essential to many high-value industries and contributes to the factories of the future. In this context, we have developed a tri-dimensional coordinate measurement system based on a multilateration technique with self-calibration. In practice, an absolute distance meter, traceable to the SI metre, is shared between four measurement heads by fibre-optic links. From these stations, multiple distance measurements of several target positions are then performed to, at the end, determine the coordinates of these targets. The uncertainty on these distance measurements has been determined with a consistent metrological approach and it is better than 5 µm. However, the propagation of this uncertainty into the measured positions is not a trivial task. In this paper, an analytical solution for the uncertainty assessment of the positions of both targets and heads under a multilateration scenario with self-calibration is provided. The proposed solution is then compared to Monte-Carlo simulations and to experimental measurements: it follows that all three approaches are well agreed, which suggests that the proposed analytical model is accurate. The confidence ellipsoids provided by the analytical solution described well the geometry of the errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Portable 3D Measurement)
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