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Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition
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Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426). This special issue belongs to the section "Evidence Based Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 552

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yousif Subhi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
2. Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
Interests: age-related macular degeneration; central serous chorioretinopathy; retinal imaging; pachychoroid spectrum diseases; chorioretinal diseases; ophthalmology; eye; subretinal fluid; chorioretinopathy; diabetic retinopathy; neovascular AMD; polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; Charles Bonnet syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Evidence-based practice allows us to achieve reproducible results and provide patients with high-quality evidence-based care.

Clinical studies of our current practice and clinical studies of how to tackle the challenges of the future are paramount to further enhance our understanding and improve diagnostics and therapeutics in ophthalmology.

I invite you to consider this Special Issue for original research and review paper submissions that outline the clinical aspects of ophthalmology, including diagnostics and therapeutics.

Dr. Yousif Subhi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Personalized Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ophthalmology
  • retina
  • myopia
  • glaucoma
  • cataract
  • clinical studies
  • systematic reviews
  • meta-analyses

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1035 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Changes in Tear Film Stability and Tear Volume Following the Application of Various DED Management Options in a Healthy Young Population
by Belén Sabucedo-Villamarin, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga, Laura Cacabelos-Torres, Maria J. Giraldez, Eva Yebra-Pimentel and Hugo Pena-Verdeal
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050173 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 171
Abstract
Background: To determine short-term changes in tear film volume and stability after various treatments for dry eye disease in healthy participants. Methods: 36 healthy participants aged from 18 to 35 years were recruited for a single-session examination and randomly assigned to one of [...] Read more.
Background: To determine short-term changes in tear film volume and stability after various treatments for dry eye disease in healthy participants. Methods: 36 healthy participants aged from 18 to 35 years were recruited for a single-session examination and randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (1:1:1 treatment, 1:1 eye): Group 1 (artificial tears ‘Comfort Drops’), Group 2 (eyelid wipes ‘Systane Lid Wipes’), and Group 3 (ocular bath ‘Acuaiss’). Tear Meniscus Height (TMH) was assessed at baseline, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, and Non-Invasive Break-Up Time (NIBUT) at baseline, 2, 10, and 20 min, all using the OCULUS Keratograph 5M by one examiner. Results: Of the initially recruited participants, 35 were analyzed; one was excluded for reflex tearing. Group 1 (n = 12) showed a significant TMH increase at 2 min compared to 10 and 20 min (Friedman, p = 0.004; Bonferroni, p ≤ 0.028). Group 3 (n = 12) showed a significant increase at 2 and 5 min compared to baseline and decrease at 10 min against 2 and 5 min (Friedman, p < 0.001; Bonferroni, p ≤ 0.034). Group 2 (n = 11) showed no significant changes over time (Friedman, p = 0.108). NIBUT showed no significant differences at any time-point in any group (Friedman, p ≥ 0.231). Basal TMH differed between groups (ANOVA, p = 0.048), but post hoc analysis found no significance (Bonferroni, all p ≥ 0.088). No significant differences in TMH at other time-points (Kruskal–Wallis/ANOVA, p ≥ 0.265) or in NIBUT between groups (Kruskal–Wallis/ANOVA, p = 0.108) were found. Conclusions: In healthy participants, artificial tears and ocular baths temporarily increase TMH, while eyelid wipes do not. Neither has an immediate impact on NIBUT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 1235 KiB  
Article
Validation of Binocular Vision and Ocular Surface Assessment Tools in Digital Eye Strain Syndrome: The DESIROUS Study
by Maria João Barata, Pedro Aguiar, Andrzej Grzybowski, Carla Lança and André Moreira-Rosário
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050168 - 25 Apr 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Background: To understand if binocular vision disorders are associated with Digital Eye Strain Syndrome (DESS), a study protocol is needed to ensure consistency across observational studies. This study aims to test the feasibility of a protocol to assess DESS, screen time, binocular [...] Read more.
Background: To understand if binocular vision disorders are associated with Digital Eye Strain Syndrome (DESS), a study protocol is needed to ensure consistency across observational studies. This study aims to test the feasibility of a protocol to assess DESS, screen time, binocular vision, and dry eye. Methods: DESIROUS is an observational cross-sectional study among Polytechnic students at the Lisbon School of Health Technology, Portugal. The protocol includes three questionnaires (Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire [CVS-Q], Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey [CISS], and Dry Eye Questionnaire version 5 [DEQ-5]), an assessment of visual acuity and binocular vision (cover test for near and distance, stereopsis, near point convergence (NPC), near point accommodation (NPA), accommodative facility, vergence), and the ocular surface break-up tear (BUT) test. The questionnaires were validated using Cronbach’s alpha. Interobserver variability for BUT was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis involving three observers (A, B, and C), compared against an expert as the gold standard. Results: A total of 18 students were included in the validation phase (mean age: 21.50 ± 0.62 years; females: 77.8%). The internal consistency of the CVS-Q (α = 0.773) and the CISS (α = 0.756) was considered good, while the DEQ-5 showed a reasonable internal consistency (α = 0.594). Observer A had the highest agreement with the gold standard (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.710 and p < 0.001; ICC = 0.924, p < 0.001). Conclusions: We provide a protocol to assess binocular vision and the ocular surface, with an emphasis on objective measures while integrating other assessment approaches. Further studies are necessary to validate this protocol, potentially incorporating new measures to enhance its validity across different populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Performance of GPT-4 in Complex Ophthalmology Cases
by David Mikhail, Daniel Milad, Fares Antaki, Jason Milad, Andrew Farah, Thomas Khairy, Jonathan El-Khoury, Kenan Bachour, Andrei-Alexandru Szigiato, Taylor Nayman, Guillaume A. Mullie and Renaud Duval
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040160 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 186
Abstract
Objectives: The integration of multimodal capabilities into GPT-4 represents a transformative leap for artificial intelligence in ophthalmology, yet its utility in scenarios requiring advanced reasoning remains underexplored. This study evaluates GPT-4’s multimodal performance on open-ended diagnostic and next-step reasoning tasks in complex ophthalmology [...] Read more.
Objectives: The integration of multimodal capabilities into GPT-4 represents a transformative leap for artificial intelligence in ophthalmology, yet its utility in scenarios requiring advanced reasoning remains underexplored. This study evaluates GPT-4’s multimodal performance on open-ended diagnostic and next-step reasoning tasks in complex ophthalmology cases, comparing it against human expertise. Methods: GPT-4 was assessed across three study arms: (1) text-based case details with figure descriptions, (2) cases with text and accompanying ophthalmic figures, and (3) cases with figures only (no figure descriptions). We compared GPT-4’s diagnostic and next-step accuracy across arms and benchmarked its performance against three board-certified ophthalmologists. Results: GPT-4 achieved 38.4% (95% CI [33.9%, 43.1%]) diagnostic accuracy and 57.8% (95% CI [52.8%, 62.2%]) next-step accuracy when prompted with figures without descriptions. Diagnostic accuracy declined significantly compared to text-only prompts (p = 0.007), though the next-step performance was similar (p = 0.140). Adding figure descriptions restored diagnostic accuracy (49.3%) to near parity with text-only prompts (p = 0.684). Using figures without descriptions, GPT-4’s diagnostic accuracy was comparable to two ophthalmologists (p = 0.30, p = 0.41) but fell short of the highest-performing ophthalmologist (p = 0.0004). For next-step accuracy, GPT-4 was similar to one ophthalmologist (p = 0.22) but underperformed relative to the other two (p = 0.0015, p = 0.0017). Conclusions: GPT-4’s diagnostic performance diminishes when relying solely on ophthalmic images without textual context, highlighting limitations in its current multimodal capabilities. Despite this, GPT-4 demonstrated comparable performance to at least one ophthalmologist on both diagnostic and next-step reasoning tasks, emphasizing its potential as an assistive tool. Future research should refine multimodal prompts and explore iterative or sequential prompting strategies to optimize AI-driven interpretation of complex ophthalmic datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2780 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Association Between Periodontitis and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Potential for Personalized Approach
by Sophie Boberg-Ans, Frederikke Arnold-Vangsted, Anna Bonde Scheel-Bech, Lars Christian Boberg-Ans, Andreas Arnold-Vangsted, Christian Jakobsen, Kasper Stokbro and Yousif Subhi
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040145 - 5 Apr 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to systemic low-grade inflammation. Systemic low-grade inflammation has been found in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the association between periodontitis and AMD. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to systemic low-grade inflammation. Systemic low-grade inflammation has been found in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the association between periodontitis and AMD. Methods: We searched 11 scientific literature databases on 16th December 2024 for studies of a diagnosis of periodontitis and prevalent or incident AMD. Eligible studies underwent a qualitative review and meta-analysis of the association. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias within studies were made in duplicate by two authors and conferred with a senior author. Results: Seven studies eligible for review included in total 149,217 individuals. Across the seven studies, different study designs, diagnoses and definitions of periodontitis, and diagnosis and definitions of AMD were employed. Our meta-analysis showed an association between periodontitis and AMD with an odds ratio of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.78; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Periodontitis is significantly associated with AMD. Unlike genetic predisposition and high age, which are important risk factors of AMD that cannot be modified, periodontitis is a risk factor that can be treated and potentially eliminated, thus allowing for a personalized approach for risk elimination in AMD. Attention should be given to the dental health of patients at risk of AMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Ophthalmology—2nd Edition)
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