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Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers
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Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers

A special issue of Journal of Xenobiotics (ISSN 2039-4713).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 16521

Special Issue Editor

Dr. François Gagné

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Emerging Methods, Aquatic Contaminant Research Division, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
Interests: neuro-endocrine disrupters; xenobiotic biotransformation; DNA metabolism; oxidative stress; complex mixtures wastewaters; transcriptomics; metabolomics and metallomics; nanotoxicology and emerging compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This is a Special Issue of high-quality papers in open access form by the Editorial Board Members, or those invited by the editorial office and the Editor-in-Chief.

This Special Issue is reserved for high-quality research papers (reviews, articles, and short communications or letters) dealing with new and emerging topics in the field of xenobiotics of international interest. Papers focusing on interactions with societal aspects of chemical and physical agents in emerging economies (for example, green industry/nanotechnology, circular economy, therapeutics, and mitigation of global warming) are also welcome. Papers could come from accepted papers in Journal of Xenobiotics.

Dr. François Gagné
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Xenobiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 902 KiB  
Article
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Austrian Human Breast Milk Collected between 2013 and 2016
by Christina Hartmann, Andreas-Marius Kaiser, Wolfgang Moche, Stefan Weiss, Wolfgang Raffesberg, Sigrid Scharf, Klaudia Graf-Rohrmeister, Margarita Thanhaeuser, Nadja Haiden and Maria Uhl
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(1), 247-266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010015 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1894
Abstract
Breast milk holds an immense nutritional value as it contains health-promoting substances in a unique, optimal form. Additionally, breast milk’s significance extends to health and environmental protection, as it serves as an indicator of both maternal and infant exposure. In this study, breast [...] Read more.
Breast milk holds an immense nutritional value as it contains health-promoting substances in a unique, optimal form. Additionally, breast milk’s significance extends to health and environmental protection, as it serves as an indicator of both maternal and infant exposure. In this study, breast milk samples collected in 2013 and in 2014–2016 from mothers in Vienna (Austria) were analysed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as well as further substances which have been listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) due to their persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties. The total concentration of the PBDE congeners in the samples (n = 18, sampled 2013) ranged from 0.055 to 52 ng/g lipid, and from 0.002 to 2.5 ng/g breast milk. In the pooled sample, the sum of PBDEs was detected at a level of 4.4 ng/g lipid. Based on the 2014–2016 study population, certain PFAS were detected in all samples (n = 40). Exposure to the sum of four specific PFAS including perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (PFHxS) ranged between 0.014 and 0.12 ng/L breast milk. In the pooled sample, PFOS and PFOA were found in concentrations of 0.025 ng/g and of 0.045 ng/g, respectively. In addition, the first generation of POPs, mainly organochlorine compounds, was measured in a pooled sample of breast milk from participants sampled in 2014–2016 as part of the WHO/UNEP breast milk monitoring program and compared to the POPs measured in pooled samples collected in 1987/1988 and 1992/1993, respectively. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention on POPs by comparing the Austrian results from the WHO/UNEP global breast milk study from 1987 to 2016. However, the data also show that, despite these reductions, health-relevant levels are still being reached, particularly in terms of children’s health when the presence of the new generation of POPs, such as PBDEs and PFAS, in human breast milk is taken into account. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)
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21 pages, 3812 KiB  
Article
Early Developmental Exposure to Triclosan Impacts Fecal Microbial Populations, IgA and Functional Activities of the Rat Microbiome
by Mohamed Lahiani, Kuppan Gokulan, Vicki Sutherland, Helen C. Cunny, Carl E. Cerniglia and Sangeeta Khare
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(1), 193-213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010012 - 1 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1672
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical, is detected in human urine, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and feces; however, little is known about its impact on the intestinal microbiome and host mucosal immunity during pregnancy and early development. Pregnant female rats were orally gavaged [...] Read more.
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antibacterial chemical, is detected in human urine, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and feces; however, little is known about its impact on the intestinal microbiome and host mucosal immunity during pregnancy and early development. Pregnant female rats were orally gavaged with TCS from gestation day (GD) 6 to postpartum (PP) day 28. Offspring were administered TCS from postnatal day (PND) 12 to 28. Studies were conducted to assess changes in the intestinal microbial population (16S-rRNA sequencing) and functional analysis of microbial genes in animals exposed to TCS during pregnancy (GD18), and at PP7, PP28 and PND28. Microbial abundance was compared with the amounts of TCS excreted in feces and IgA levels in feces. The results reveal that TCS decreases the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes with a significant increase in Proteobacteria. At PND28, total Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were higher in females and showed correlation with the levels of TCS and unbound IgA in feces. The significant increase in Proteobacteria in all TCS-treated rats along with the increased abundance in OTUs that belong to pathogenic bacterial communities could serve as a signature of TCS-induced dysbiosis. In conclusion, TCS can perturb the microbiome, the functional activities of the microbiome, and activate mucosal immunity during pregnancy and early development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)
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28 pages, 3856 KiB  
Article
Microbial Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Environments Using Metal-Resistant Indigenous Strains
by Cristina Firincă, Lucian-Gabriel Zamfir, Mariana Constantin, Iuliana Răut, Luiza Capră, Diana Popa, Maria-Lorena Jinga, Anda Maria Baroi, Radu Claudiu Fierăscu, Nicoleta Olguța Corneli, Carmen Postolache, Mihaela Doni, Ana-Maria Gurban, Luiza Jecu and Tatiana Eugenia Șesan
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(1), 51-78; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010004 - 29 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3425
Abstract
Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a matter of global importance due to its impact on agriculture, environmental integrity, and therefore human health and safety. Several microbial strains isolated from soil contaminated by long-term chemical and petrochemical activities were found to [...] Read more.
Contamination of soil with heavy metals has become a matter of global importance due to its impact on agriculture, environmental integrity, and therefore human health and safety. Several microbial strains isolated from soil contaminated by long-term chemical and petrochemical activities were found to manifest various levels of tolerance to Cr, Pb, and Zn, out of which Bacillus marisflavi and Trichoderma longibrachiatum exhibited above-moderate tolerance. The concentrations of target heavy metals before and after bioremediation were determined using electrochemical screen-printed electrodes (SPE) modified with different nanomaterials. The morpho-structural SEM/EDX analyses confirmed the presence of metal ions on the surface of the cell, with metal uptake being mediated by biosorption with hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups as per FTIR observations. T. longibrachiatum was observed to pose a higher bioremediation potential compared to B. marisflavi, removing 87% of Cr and 67% of Zn, respectively. Conversely, B. marisflavi removed 86% of Pb from the solution, compared to 48% by T. longibrachiatum. Therefore, the fungal strain T. longibrachiatum could represent a viable option for Cr and Zn bioremediation strategies, whereas the bacterial strain B. marisflavi may be used in Pb bioremediation applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)
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12 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Correlation of Vitamin 25(OH)D, Liver Enzymes, Potassium, and Oxidative Stress Markers with Lipid Profile and Atheromatic Index: A Pilot Study
by Stavroula Ioannidou, Konstantina Kazeli, Hristos Ventouris, Dionysia Amanatidou, Argyrios Gkinoudis and Evgenia Lymperaki
J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(2), 193-204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13020015 - 1 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
According to recent literature, there is a limited amount of data about the correlation of vitamin 25(OH)D, potassium (K), oxidative stress parameters, and other biomarkers with dyslipidemia, which is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aims to investigate the [...] Read more.
According to recent literature, there is a limited amount of data about the correlation of vitamin 25(OH)D, potassium (K), oxidative stress parameters, and other biomarkers with dyslipidemia, which is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aims to investigate the correlation of lipid profile and atheromatic index TC/HDL with several biomarkers and oxidative stress parameters. A total of 102 volunteers, 67 with atheromatic index TC/HDL > 3.5 (Group A) and 35 with TC/HDL < 3.5 (Group B), aged from 26 to 78 years, participated in this study. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL), vitamin 25(OH)D [25(OH)D], potassium (K), sodium (Na), lactose dehydrogenase (LDH), liver enzymes including serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed using standard photometric methods. Oxidative stress parameters such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with fluorometric methods, whereas total oxidative (TOS) and antioxidative status (TAS) were measured with spectrophotometric methods. According to the results, negative correlations of HDL (r = −0.593) and 25(OH)D (r = −0.340) and K (r = −0.220) were found, and positive expected correlations of LDL (r = 0.731), TC (r = 0.663), and TG (r = 0.584) with atheromatic index in the total studied sample were found. In conclusion, patients with a dyslipidemic profile should frequently check not only their lipid profile but also other biomarkers such as 25(OH)D, potassium, and oxidative stress markers to predict dyslipidemia and avoid subsequent disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)

Review

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24 pages, 1962 KiB  
Review
Organochlorine Compounds in the Amur (Heilong) River Basin (2000–2020): A Review
by Maksim M. Donets and Vasiliy Yu. Tsygankov
J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(3), 439-462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13030028 - 20 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are well-known contaminants that raise serious concerns, even more than 20 years after they were banned. Their worldwide distribution and persistence necessitate continuous monitoring in all components of the environment. The most challenging issues of POP regulation are associated [...] Read more.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are well-known contaminants that raise serious concerns, even more than 20 years after they were banned. Their worldwide distribution and persistence necessitate continuous monitoring in all components of the environment. The most challenging issues of POP regulation are associated with international water resources because their solutions require international cooperation in environment protection. This review provides data on various POPs (DDT, HCH, endrin, dieldrin, and PCBs) and their concentrations in aquatic organisms inhabiting the Amur River basin, one of the most poorly explored regions of Northeast Asia. Most studies have been conducted in the Songhua River (China), a tributary of the Amur River, which indicates that large inland bodies of water, especially those of international importance, require more extensive research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)
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21 pages, 1838 KiB  
Review
Natural Products as a Tool to Modulate the Activity and Expression of Multidrug Resistance Proteins of Intestinal Barrier
by Carlos Martins-Gomes and Amélia M. Silva
J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(2), 172-192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13020014 - 25 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3882
Abstract
The role of intestinal barrier homeostasis in an individual’s general well-being has been widely addressed by the scientific community. Colorectal cancer is among the illnesses that most affect this biological barrier. While chemotherapy is the first choice to treat this type of cancer, [...] Read more.
The role of intestinal barrier homeostasis in an individual’s general well-being has been widely addressed by the scientific community. Colorectal cancer is among the illnesses that most affect this biological barrier. While chemotherapy is the first choice to treat this type of cancer, multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major setback against the commonly used drugs, with the ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) being the major players. The role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in the efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs is well described in cancer cells, highlighting these proteins as interesting druggable targets to reverse MDR, decrease drug dosage, and consequently undesired toxicity. Natural products, especially phytochemicals, have a wide diversity of chemical structures, and some particular classes, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, or pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been reported as inhibitors of P-gp, MRP1, and ABCG2, being able to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Nevertheless, ABC transporters play a vital role in the cell’s defense against xenobiotics, and some phytochemicals have also been shown to induce the transporters’ activity. A balance must be obtained between xenobiotic efflux in non-tumor cells and bioaccumulation of chemotherapy drugs in cancer cells, in which ABC transporters are essential and natural products play a pivotal role that must be further analyzed. This review summarizes the knowledge concerning the nomenclature and function of ABC-transporters, emphasizing their role in the intestinal barrier cells. In addition, it also focuses on the role of natural products commonly found in food products, e.g., phytochemicals, as modulators of ABC-transporter activity and expression, which are promising nutraceutical molecules to formulate new drug combinations to overcome multidrug resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Journal of Xenobiotics: Feature Papers)
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