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Molecular Mechanisms of Microbe–Skin Interactions

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2025 | Viewed by 4860

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls Universität Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
Interests: microbiology; infection biology; the physiology of staphylococci; lipoproteins as key players in immune response and virulence

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this Special Issue is to compile a series of original research papers and reviews that focus on the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between microorganisms and the skin. The skin is the largest interface between the host and the environment, and we know that it is colonized with trillions of microorganisms, commensal microbiota, that play an important role in tissue homeostasis and maintaining a symbiotic relationship with the immune system. The skin microbiota is deemed to be in good condition if it is in balance with the skin immune system and protects the skin from pathogens. But under certain circumstances, we know that the skin microbiota can be remodeled over time to a predominantly ‘bad’ population. However, finding out which are the good bugs and which are the bad bugs is not so easy to determine.

We are planning a series of publications that will shed light on the interaction between microorganisms and the skin at the molecular and physiological levels. The questions we would like to address are as follows: how do representatives of the skin microbiota manage to form such a long-lasting bond with the skin; how do they adhere to skin cells; how do they manage to survive and persist at low pH, high fatty acid content, and the presence of defensins; how do they outwit the immune system; how do microbial metabolites control the immune system and peripheral neuro system; how can pathogenic microorganisms can take over; and how they damage the skin and trigger the development of chronic skin diseases.

With this range of selected topics, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of the skin and its inhabitants.

Dr. Friedrich Götz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • colonization
  • cosmetics
  • diseases (e.g., acne, diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), psoriasis, etc.)
  • health
  • immunity
  • lipidomics
  • metabolomics
  • metagenomics
  • neurotransmitter
  • physiology
  • skin habitat
  • skin microbiota
  • prebiotics
  • probiotics
  • wound healing

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3871 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Neurotransmitter-Producing Human Skin Commensals
by Samane Rahmdel, Moushumi Purkayastha, Mulugeta Nega, Elisa Liberini, Ningna Li, Arif Luqman, Holger Brüggemann and Friedrich Götz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 12345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212345 - 17 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Recent findings indicate that human microbiota can excrete trace amines, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters (NTs) can either affect classical neurotransmitter signaling or directly trigger trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), with still unclear consequences for host physiology. Compared to gut microbiota, less information is [...] Read more.
Recent findings indicate that human microbiota can excrete trace amines, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters (NTs) can either affect classical neurotransmitter signaling or directly trigger trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), with still unclear consequences for host physiology. Compared to gut microbiota, less information is available on the role of skin microbiota in NT production. To explore this, 1909 skin isolates, mainly from the genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Corynebacterium, were tested for NT production. Only 6.7% of the isolates were capable of producing NTs, all of which belonged to the Staphylococcus genus. Based on substrate specificity, we identified two distinct profiles among the NT producers. One group primarily produced tryptamine (TRY) and phenylethylamine (PEA), while the other mainly produced tyramine (TYM) and dopamine (Dopa). These differing production profiles could be attributed to the activity of two distinct aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes, SadA and TDC, responsible for generating the TRY/PEA and TYM/Dopa product spectra, respectively. SadA and TDC orthologues differ in structure and size; SadA has approximately 475 amino acids, whereas the TDC type consists of about 620 amino acids. The genomic localization of the respective genes also varies: tdc genes are typically found in small, conserved gene clusters, while sadA genes are not. The heterologous expression of sadA and tdc in Escherichia coli yielded the same product spectrum as the parent strains. The possible effects of skin microbiota-derived NTs on neuroreceptor signaling in the human host remain to be investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Microbe–Skin Interactions)
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18 pages, 2970 KiB  
Article
Transcriptional Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus during the Transition from Asymptomatic Nasal Colonization to Skin Colonization/Infection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
by Peijuan Li, Julia Schulte, Gerda Wurpts, Mathias W. Hornef, Christiane Wolz, Amir S. Yazdi and Marc Burian
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179165 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus acts both as a colonizing commensal bacterium and invasive pathogen. Nasal colonization is associated with an increased risk of infection caused by the identical strain. In patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), the degree of S. aureus colonization is associated with the [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus acts both as a colonizing commensal bacterium and invasive pathogen. Nasal colonization is associated with an increased risk of infection caused by the identical strain. In patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), the degree of S. aureus colonization is associated with the severity of the disease. Here, we comparatively analyzed the in vivo transcriptional profile of S. aureus colonizing the nose and non-diseased skin (non-lesional skin) as opposed to the diseased skin (lesional skin—defined here as infection) of 12 patients with AD. The transcriptional profile during the asymptomatic colonization of the nose closely resembled that of the lesional skin samples for many of the genes studied, with an elevated expression of the genes encoding adhesion-related proteins and proteases. In addition, the genes that modify and remodel the cell wall and encode proteins that facilitate immune evasion showed increased transcriptional activity. Notably, in a subgroup of patients, the global virulence regulator Agr (accessory gene regulator) and downstream target genes were inactive during nasal colonization but upregulated in the lesional and non-lesional skin samples. Taken together, our results demonstrate a colonization-like transcriptional profile on diseased skin and suggest a role for the peptide quorum sensing system Agr during the transition from asymptomatic nasal colonization to skin colonization/infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Microbe–Skin Interactions)
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Review

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22 pages, 3983 KiB  
Review
Epigenetic Regulatory Processes Involved in the Establishment and Maintenance of Skin Homeostasis—The Role of Microbiota
by Kornélia Szabó, Fanni Balogh, Dóra Romhányi, Lilla Erdei, Blanka Toldi, Rolland Gyulai, Lajos Kemény and Gergely Groma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020438 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1068
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are central to the regulation of all biological processes. This manuscript reviews the current understanding of diverse epigenetic modifications and their role in the establishment and maintenance of normal skin functions. In healthy skin, these mechanisms allow for the precise control [...] Read more.
Epigenetic mechanisms are central to the regulation of all biological processes. This manuscript reviews the current understanding of diverse epigenetic modifications and their role in the establishment and maintenance of normal skin functions. In healthy skin, these mechanisms allow for the precise control of gene expression, facilitating the dynamic balance between cell proliferation and differentiation necessary for effective barrier function. Furthermore, as the skin ages, alterations in epigenetic marks can lead to impaired regenerative capacity and increased susceptibility to environmental stressors. The interaction between skin microbiota and epigenetic regulation will also be explored, highlighting how microbial communities can influence skin health by modulating the host gene expression. Future research should focus on the development of targeted interventions to promote skin development, resilience, and longevity, even in an ever-changing environment. This underscores the need for integrative approaches to study these complex regulatory networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Microbe–Skin Interactions)
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