International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Research

13 pages, 4191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creative Intercorporeality in Collaborative Work of Choreographers with and without Disabilities: A Grounded Theory Approach

by Jian Kim, Jooyeon Jin and Aeryung Hong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095548 - 3 May 2022

Viewed by 1777

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to present an academic discourse on a theoretical framework and acceptance process of ‘creative intercorporeality’ in the collaborative work of choreographers with and without disabilities. To this end, a grounded theory approach using a qualitative research method [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to present an academic discourse on a theoretical framework and acceptance process of ‘creative intercorporeality’ in the collaborative work of choreographers with and without disabilities. To this end, a grounded theory approach using a qualitative research method was employed to dancers who have participated in collaborative choreography. This study employed the perspective of social cognitive theory about the process in which dancers with and without disabilities form emotional empathy and trust relationships through continuous interactions for creative work. Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral empathy and interactions in the collaborative work of choreographers with and without disabilities were discussed as a process of forming ‘creative intercorporeality’ that is defined as creative attitude and perspective consisting of harmony, concurrency, consistency, and balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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15 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Results in Triathletes and Their Association with Body Composition and Body Mass Index

by Szymon Price, Szczepan Wiecha, Igor Cieśliński, Daniel Śliż, Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak, Jacek Lach, Grzegorz Gruba, Tomasz Kowalski and Artur Mamcarz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063557 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5481

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the method of choice to assess aerobic fitness. Previous research was ambiguous as to whether treadmill (TE) and cycle ergometry (CE) results are transferrable or different between testing modalities in triathletes. The aim of this paper was to [...] Read more.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the method of choice to assess aerobic fitness. Previous research was ambiguous as to whether treadmill (TE) and cycle ergometry (CE) results are transferrable or different between testing modalities in triathletes. The aim of this paper was to investigate the differences in HR and VO₂ at maximum exertion between TE and CE, at anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) and evaluate their association with body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI). In total, 143 adult (n = 18 female), Caucasian triathletes had both Tr and CE CPET performed. The male group was divided into <40 years (n = 80) and >40 years (n = 45). Females were aged between 18 and 46 years. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance before tests. Differences were evaluated using paired t-tests, and associations were evaluated in males using multiple linear regression (MLR). Significant differences were found in VO₂ and HR at maximum exertion, at AT and at RCP between CE and TE testing, in both males and females. VO_2AT was 38.8 (±4.6) mL/kg/min in TE vs. 32.8 (±5.4) in CE in males and 36.0 (±3.6) vs. 32.1 (±3.8) in females (p < 0.001). HR_AT was 149 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 136 (±11) in CE in males and 156 (±7) vs. 146 (±11) in females (p < 0.001). VO₂max was 52 (±6) mL/kg/min vs. 49 (±7) in CE in males and 45.3 (±4.9) in Tr vs. 43.9 (±5.2) in females (p < 0.001). HRmax was 183 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 177 (±10) in CE in males and 183 (±9) vs. 179 (±10) in females (p < 0.001). MLR showed that BMI, BF and FFM are significantly associated with differences in HR and VO₂ at maximum, AT and RCP in males aged >40. Both tests should be used independently to achieve optimal fitness assessments and further training planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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8 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of 6-Week Combined Balance and Plyometric Training on Dynamic Balance and Quickness Performance of Elite Badminton Players

by Zepeng Lu, Limingfei Zhou, Wangcheng Gong, Samuel Chuang, Shixian Wang, Zhenxiang Guo, Dapeng Bao, Luyu Zhang and Junhong Zhou

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031605 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5354

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the effect of combined balance and plyometric training on dynamic balance and quickness performance of elite badminton athletes. Sixteen elite male badminton players volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to a balance-plyometric group (PB: n = 8) [...] Read more.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of combined balance and plyometric training on dynamic balance and quickness performance of elite badminton athletes. Sixteen elite male badminton players volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to a balance-plyometric group (PB: n = 8) and plyometric group (PT: n = 8). The PB group performed balance combined with plyometric training three times a week over 6 weeks (40 min of plyometrics and 20 min of balance training); while the PT group undertook only plyometric training for the same period (3–4 sets × 8–12 reps for each exercise). Both groups were given the same technical training (badminton techniques for 6 days a week). The dynamic stability and quick movement ability were assessed at baseline and after the intervention by measuring the performance of dynamic posture stability test (DPSI and COP), T-running test and hexagon jump test. The results showed that compared to PT, PB induced significantly greater improvements in F-DPSI, L-DPSI (p = 0.003, 0.025, respectively), F-COP_AP, F-COP_ML, F-COP_PL, L-COP_PL (p = 0.024, 0.002, 0.029, 0.043, respectively), T-running test and hexagon jump test (p < 0.001). The change in L-DPSI, L-COP_AP, L-COP_ML did not differ between PB and PT (p > 0.907). The findings suggest that combined training holds great promise of improving the dynamic balance and quickness performance in elite badminton athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

8 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motor Learning of Complex Tasks with Augmented Feedback: Modality-Dependent Effectiveness

by Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki, Oscar Romero-Ramos, Łukasz Rydzik, Tadeusz Ambroży, Michał Biegajło, Marta Nogal, Waldemar Wiśniowski, Dariusz Kruczkowski, Iwona Łuszczewska-Sierakowska and Tomasz Niźnikowski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312495 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Background: This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of feedback modalities in the motor learning of complex tasks. Methods: This study examined sixty-one male university students randomised to three groups: group Verbal (VER) = 20 (body height 178.6 ± 4.3 cm, body mass [...] Read more.

Background: This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of feedback modalities in the motor learning of complex tasks. Methods: This study examined sixty-one male university students randomised to three groups: group Verbal (VER) = 20 (body height 178.6 ± 4.3 cm, body mass 81.3 ± 3.7 kg, age 20.3 ± 1.2 years), group Visual (VIS) = 21 (body height 179 ± 4.6 cm, body mass 82 ± 3.4 kg, age 20.3 ± 1.2 years), and group Verbal–Visual (VER&VIS) = 20 (body height 178.6 ± 4.3 cm, body mass 81.3 ± 3.7 kg, age 20.3 ± 1.2 years). The duration of the experiment was 6 months. Training sessions were performed three times per week (on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays). The participants were instructed to perform a vertical jump with an arm swing (with forward and upward motion). During the jump, the participants pulled their knees up to their chests and grabbed their lower legs. The jump was completed with a half-squat landing, with arms positioned sideward. The jumping performance was rated by three gymnastic judges on a scale from 1 to 10. Results: A Tukey post hoc test revealed that in the post-test, a significant difference in the quality of performance was found between the Verbal group concerning errors combined with visual feedback on how to correct them (VER&VIS), the Verbal group concerning errors (VER), and the Visual group with visual feedback on the correctness of task performance (VIS). The ratings observed in the post-test were significantly higher in group VER&VIS than in groups VER and VIS (9%; p < 0.01 and 15%; p < 0.001, respectively). All judges’ ratings observed in group VER&VIS and VIS decreased insignificantly, but in group VER the ratings improved insignificantly. Conclusion: Providing verbal feedback combined with visual feedback on how to correct errors made in performing vertical jumps proved more effective than the provision of verbal feedback only or visual feedback only. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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12 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Level of Technical and Tactical Skills and Its Relationships with Aerobic Capacity and Special Fitness in Elite Ju-Jitsu Athletes

by Tadeusz Ambroży, Łukasz Rydzik, Michał Spieszny, Wiesław Chwała, Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki, Małgorzata Jekiełek, Karol Görner, Andrzej Ostrowski and Wojciech J. Cynarski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312286 - 23 Nov 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

Background: Ju-jitsu training has to be comprehensive in terms of training intensity, developing a wide range of physical fitness and learning multiple technical skills. These requirements result from the specificity of the competition characteristic of the sport form of this martial art. The [...] Read more.

Background: Ju-jitsu training has to be comprehensive in terms of training intensity, developing a wide range of physical fitness and learning multiple technical skills. These requirements result from the specificity of the competition characteristic of the sport form of this martial art. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aerobic capacity and special physical fitness of ju-jitsu athletes at the highest sports performance level and to determine the relationships between special fitness and the indices of technical and tactical skills. Methods: In order to determine the current level of special fitness of the athletes, a set of karate fitness tests were used, namely, the Special Judo Fitness Test and the Kickboxer Special Physical Fitness Test. Furthermore, maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) was measured using a graded exercise test in a group of 30 sport ju-jitsu athletes at the highest level of sports performance. To evaluate the level of technical and tactical skills, an analysis of recordings of tournament bouts was carried out, and, based on the observations, the indices of effectiveness, efficiency, and activeness of the attack were calculated. Results: Individuals with higher fitness were more active and effective in the attack. The special efficiency indices showed significant correlations with the technical and tactical parameters. Better fighting performance was dependent on the speed of the punches, kicking range, and the results of the special fitness tests. Conclusions: To achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness of sport ju-jitsu, the training process should be based on comprehensive motor development and an optimal level of special fitness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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9 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is 20 Hz Whole-Body Vibration Training Better for Older Individuals than 40 Hz?

by Shiuan-Yu Tseng, Chung-Po Ko, Chin-Yen Tseng, Wei-Ching Huang, Chung-Liang Lai and Chun-Hou Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 11942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211942 - 13 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

In recent years, whole-body vibration (WBV) training has been used as a training method in health promotion. This study attempted to use WBV at three different frequencies (20, 30, and 40 Hz) with subjects from different age groups to analyze the activation of [...] Read more.

In recent years, whole-body vibration (WBV) training has been used as a training method in health promotion. This study attempted to use WBV at three different frequencies (20, 30, and 40 Hz) with subjects from different age groups to analyze the activation of the rectus femoris muscle. The subjects included 47 females and 51 males with an average age of 45.1 ± 15.2 years. Results indicated significant differences in subjects from different age groups at 20 Hz WBV. Muscle contraction was greater in the subjects who were older (F_(4,93) = 82.448, p < 0.001). However, at 30 Hz WBV, the difference was not significant (F_(4,93) = 2.373, p = 0.058). At 40 Hz WBV, muscle contraction was less in the older subjects than in the younger subjects (F_(4,93) = 18.025, p < 0.001). The spectrum analysis also indicated that at 40 Hz there was less muscle activity during WBV in the older subjects than in the younger ones. Therefore, age was found to have a significant effect on muscle activation during WBV at different frequencies. If the training is offered to elderly subjects, their neuromuscular responses to 20 Hz WBV will be more suitable than to 40 Hz WBV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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15 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Body Composition and Selected Physiological Variables of the Skin Surface Depending on Technical and Tactical Skills of Kickboxing Athletes in K1 Style

by Łukasz Rydzik, Tadeusz Ambroży, Zbigniew Obmiński, Wiesław Błach and Ibrahim Ouergui

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111625 - 5 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport with high demands on fitness and coordination skills. Scientific research shows that kickboxing fights induce substantial physiological stress. Therefore, it is important to determine the body composition of athletes before competitions and to analyze the skin temperature [...] Read more.

Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport with high demands on fitness and coordination skills. Scientific research shows that kickboxing fights induce substantial physiological stress. Therefore, it is important to determine the body composition of athletes before competitions and to analyze the skin temperature and skin pH during the fight. Methods: This study aimed to determine the body composition, skin temperature, and skin pH in kickboxers during a fight according to K1 rules. A total of 24 kickboxers (age range: 19 to 28 years) competing in a local K1 kickboxing league participated in the present study. Results: Changes in skin temperature and pH were observed and significant correlations were found between body composition and weight category. Conclusions: Changes in skin temperature and pH were demonstrated after each round of the bout. Level of body fat and muscle tissue significantly correlates with technical-tactical skills of the K1 athletes studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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10 pages, 2062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Real-Time Visual Feedback System in Balance Training of the Center of Pressure with Smart Wearable Devices

by I-Lin Wang, Li-I Wang, Yang Liu, Yu Su, Shun Yao and Chun-Sheng Ho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189637 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2335

Abstract

Balance control with an upright posture is affected by many factors. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of real-time visual feedback training, provided by smart wearable devices for COP changes for healthy females, on static stance. Thirty healthy female college students [...] Read more.

Balance control with an upright posture is affected by many factors. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of real-time visual feedback training, provided by smart wearable devices for COP changes for healthy females, on static stance. Thirty healthy female college students were randomly divided into three groups (visual feedback balance training group, non-visual feedback balance training group, and control group). Enhanced visual feedback on the screen appeared in different directions, in the form of fluctuations; the visual feedback balance training group received real-time visual feedback from the Podoon APP for training, while the non-visual feedback balance training group only performed an open-eye balance, without receiving real-time visual feedback. The control group did not do any balance training. The balance training lasted 4 weeks, three times a week for 30 min each time with 1–2 day intervals. After four weeks of balance training, the results showed that the stability of human posture control improved for the one leg static stance for the visual feedback balance training group with smart wearable devices. The parameters of COP max displacement, COP velocity, COP radius, and COP area in the visual feedback balance training group were significantly decreased in the one leg stance (p < 0.05). The results showed that the COP real-time visual feedback training provided by smart wearable devices can better reduce postural sway and improve body balance ability than general training, when standing quietly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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10 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuromuscular Fitness Is Associated with Success in Sport for Elite Female, but Not Male Tennis Players

by Karoly Dobos, Dario Novak and Petar Barbaros

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6512; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126512 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

Background: The purpose of the study was to examine whether neuromuscular fitness contributes significantly to the success of eAlite junior tennis players of differing ages and sexes. Methods: The 160 participants, who were elite Hungarian junior tennis players (aged 11–17), were separated into [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of the study was to examine whether neuromuscular fitness contributes significantly to the success of eAlite junior tennis players of differing ages and sexes. Methods: The 160 participants, who were elite Hungarian junior tennis players (aged 11–17), were separated into four groups within this study, and 10 different types of field tests were used. Results: A moderate significant correlation was found between the results of the 5 m run (r = −0.42; r = −0.45), standing long jump (r = 0.39; r = 0.56), overhand ball throw (r = 0.44; r = 0.53), serve (r = 0.39; r = 0.64), amount of push-ups in 30 seconds (r = 0.32; r = 0.48), 10 × 5 m run in a shuttle run (r = −0.34; r = −0.45), the spider run (r = −0.34; r = −0.52), and competitive tennis success among U14 and U18 girls. A significant correlation between the overhead medicine ball throw test value (r = 0.47) and the current competitive performance was found only among U18 elite female tennis players. In contrast, no correlation was found between the values of the U14 and U18 male tennis players and their current competitive performance. Conclusions: Additional studies are needed to identify interventions that can increase sport-specific neuromuscular fitness with the ultimate goal of achieving better performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

10 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Disparity in Bilateral Asymmetry of Impact Forces during Height-Adjusted Drop Jumps

by Chin-Yi Gu, Xiang-Rui Li, Chien-Ting Lai, Jin-Jiang Gao, I-Lin Wang and Li-I Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5953; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115953 - 1 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3111

Abstract

Side-to-side asymmetry of lower extremities may influence the risk of injury associated with drop jump. Moreover, drop heights using relative height across individuals based on respective jumping abilities could better explain lower-extremity loading impact for different genders. The purpose of the current study [...] Read more.

Side-to-side asymmetry of lower extremities may influence the risk of injury associated with drop jump. Moreover, drop heights using relative height across individuals based on respective jumping abilities could better explain lower-extremity loading impact for different genders. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the sex differences of impact forces and asymmetry during the landing phase of drop-jump tasks using drop heights, set according to participants’ maximum jumping height. Ten male and ten female athletes performed drop-jump tasks on two force plates, and ground reaction force data were collected. Both feet needed to land entirely on the dedicated force plates as simultaneously as possible. Ground reaction forces and asymmetry between legs were calculated for jumps from 100%, 130%, and 160% of each participant’s maximum jumping height. Females landed with greater asymmetry at time of contact initiation and time of peak impact force and had more asymmetrical peak impact force than males. Greater values and shorter time after ground contact of peak impact force were found when the drop height increased to 160% of maximum jumping ability as compared to 100% and 130%. Females exhibited greater asymmetry than males during drop jumps from relative heights, which may relate to the higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury among females. Greater sex disparity was evident in impact force asymmetry than in the magnitude of peak impact force; therefore, it may be a more appropriate field-screening test for risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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10 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Technical and Tactical Preparation of Elite Judokas during the World Championships and Olympic Games

by Wiesław Błach, Łukasz Rydzik, Łukasz Błach, Wojciech J. Cynarski, Maciej Kostrzewa and Tadeusz Ambroży

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5841; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115841 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

The basis for achieving success in sport is technical preparation supported by adequate level of physical fitness. During judo competitions, athletes use technique to meet tactical objectives aimed to achieve victory. The modification of the rules of combat in judo that has been [...] Read more.

The basis for achieving success in sport is technical preparation supported by adequate level of physical fitness. During judo competitions, athletes use technique to meet tactical objectives aimed to achieve victory. The modification of the rules of combat in judo that has been carried out in recent years has changed the course of competition. It seems to be interesting if there are relations between technical and tactical preparation expressed by means of indices and modification of the course of the fight caused by changes in the rules. The purpose of the paper was to determine the values of technical and tactical preparation of judokas during competition at the elite level. A hundred and twenty bouts during the Olympic Games in London in 2012 as well as 136 bouts fought during the World Championships in Rio de Janeiro in 2013 were analyzed. Verification was performed by calculating indicators of technical and tactical preparation. The results show a significant correlation between the indicators of technical and tactical preparation and the ranking in the general classification of the analyzed competitions. There were no statistically significant correlations between the change of fighting rules and the level of the examined indices of technical and tactical preparation. The results of the study verified the appropriate method of preparation for the competitions analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

12 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Aspects of the Foot Arch, Body Balance and Body Weight Composition of Boys Training Football

by Joanna M. Bukowska, Małgorzata Jekiełek, Dariusz Kruczkowski, Tadeusz Ambroży and Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 5017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095017 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4196

Abstract

Background: The aim of the study is to assess the body balance and podological parameters and body composition of young footballers in the context of the control of football training. Methods: The study examined the distribution of the pressure of the part of [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the study is to assess the body balance and podological parameters and body composition of young footballers in the context of the control of football training. Methods: The study examined the distribution of the pressure of the part of the foot on the ground, the arch of the foot, and the analysis of the body composition of the boys. The pressure center for both feet and the whole body was also examined. The study involved 90 youth footballers from Olsztyn and Barczewo in three age groups: 8–10 years, 11–13 years old, and 14–16 years. The study used the Inbody 270 body composition analyzer and the EPSR1, a mat that measures the pressure distribution of the feet on the ground. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in almost every case for each area of the foot between the groups of the examined boys. The most significant differences were observed for the metatarsal area and the left heel. In the case of stabilization of the whole body, statistically significant differences were noted between all study groups. In the case of the body composition parameters, in the examined boys, a coherent direction of changes was noticed for most of them. The relationships and correlations between the examined parameters were also investigated. The significance level in the study was set at p < 0.05. Conclusions: Under the training rigor, a statistically significant increase in stability was observed with age. The total length of the longitudinal arch of both feet of the examined boys showed a tendency to flatten in direct proportion to the age of the examined boys. Mean values of the body composition parameters reflect changes with the ontogenetic development, basic somatic parameters (body height and weight) and training experience, and thus with the intensity and volume of training. This indicates a correct training process that does not interfere with the proper development of the body in terms of tissue and biochemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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9 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indicators of Targeted Physical Fitness in Judo and Jujutsu—Preliminary Results of Research

by Wojciech J. Cynarski, Jan Słopecki, Bartosz Dziadek, Peter Böschen and Paweł Piepiora

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084347 - 20 Apr 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. [...] Read more.

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. The study applied the measurement of simple reaction time in response to a visual stimulus and handgrip measurement. (2) Materials and Methods: The group comprising N = 69 black belts from Poland and Germany (including 30 from judo and 39 from jujutsu) applied two trials: “grasping of Ditrich rod” and dynamometric handgrip measurement. The analysis of the results involved the calculations of arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations. Analysis of the differences (Mann–Whitney U test) and Student’s t-test were also applied to establish statistical differences. (3) Results: In the test involving handgrip measurement, the subjects from Poland (both those practicing judo and jujutsu) gained better results compared to their German counterparts. In the test involving grasping of Ditrich rod, a positive correlation was demonstrated in the group of German judokas between the age and reaction time of the subjects (r_xy = 0.66, p < 0.05), as well as in the group of jujutsu subjects between body weight and the reaction time (r_xy = 0.49, p < 0.05). A significant and strong correlation between handgrip and weight was also established for the group of German judokas (r_xy = 0.75, p < 0.05). In Polish competitors, the correlations were only established between the age and handgrip measurements (r_xy = 0.49, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Simple reaction times in response to visual stimulation were shorter in the subjects practicing the martial art jujutsu. However, the statement regarding the advantage of the judokas in terms of handgrip force was not confirmed by the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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9 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Fitness and the Level of Technical and Tactical Training of Kickboxers

by Łukasz Rydzik and Tadeusz Ambroży

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063088 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4803

Abstract

Background: Kickboxing is a dynamically progressing combat sport based on various techniques of punches and kicks. The high level of physical fitness underlies the optimal development of technique in the competitors. The objective of this study was the assessment of the level of [...] Read more.

Background: Kickboxing is a dynamically progressing combat sport based on various techniques of punches and kicks. The high level of physical fitness underlies the optimal development of technique in the competitors. The objective of this study was the assessment of the level of fitness of kickboxers and the relationships between fitness and technical and tactical training. Methods: The study included 20 kickboxers aged 18–32 demonstrating the highest level of sporting performance. Their body mass ranged from 75 to 92 kg and their height from 175 to 187 cm. The selection of the group was intentional, and the criteria included training experience and the sports level assessed by the observation of the authors and opinion of the coach. The level of fitness was evaluated with the use of selected trials of International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests and Eurofit tests. Aerobic capacity was tested and indicators of efficiency, activeness and effectiveness of attacks were calculated. Results: A significant correlation between the indicators of technical and tactical training and results of fitness tests was shown. Conclusions: There exists a correlation between efficiency, activeness and effectiveness of attacks and the speed of upper limbs, explosive strength, static strength of a hand, agility, VO₂max and abdominal muscle strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on the Biomechanics of Breakfall Technique (Ukemi) in Relation to Injury in Judo within the Adult Judoka Population

by Ruqayya Lockhart, Wiesław Błach, Manuela Angioi, Tadeusz Ambroży, Łukasz Rydzik and Nikos Malliaropoulos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074259 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3326

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the biomechanics of Ukemi in relation to head and neck injury in adult judokas with varying skill sets. Design: Narrative systematic review. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and EMBASE from inception to [...] Read more.

Objectives: To investigate the biomechanics of Ukemi in relation to head and neck injury in adult judokas with varying skill sets. Design: Narrative systematic review. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Science direct and EMBASE from inception to April 2021. Studies were included if they: (1) reported biomechanical analysis of judo throws and Ukemi; (2) were on adult judoka populations; (3) discussed injury related to judo technique. The included studies were assessed for risk of bias using a five-part modified STROBE checklist. A narrative synthesis was performed due to the heterogeneity of included studies. Results: 173 titles and abstracts were screened with 16 studies (158 judokas, 9 of which were female) included. All studies used 3D biomechanical analysis to assess Ukemi. Ukemi implementation produced reduced kinematic data in comparison to direct occipital contact, which was always below the injury threshold. Analysis of lower limb and trunk kinematics revealed variances in Ukemi between novice and experienced judoka. Whilst no significant differences were seen in neck flexion angles, hip, knee and trunk angle time plots revealed greater extension angles in experienced judokas. Conclusions: Ukemi is essential in preventing head and neck injuries; however, technique differs between experienced and novice judoka. Larger flexion angles of the hip, knee and trunk are seen in novice judoka, which correlate with increased kinematic data. The association of greater neck muscle strength with improved Ukemi is weak. However, a negative correlation was established between fatigue and breakfall skill by one study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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8 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessReview

Principles of Judo Training as an Organised Form of Physical Activity for Children

by Monika Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Zgorzalewicz-Stachowiak, Wiesław Błach and Maciej Kostrzewa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041929 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4409

Abstract

When organising judo training for children, it is essential to ensure maximum safety, and use an appropriate training methodology adapted to the age of the youngest judo athletes. This paper aims to review the current literature containing judo training principles and safety-related considerations [...] Read more.

When organising judo training for children, it is essential to ensure maximum safety, and use an appropriate training methodology adapted to the age of the youngest judo athletes. This paper aims to review the current literature containing judo training principles and safety-related considerations for preschool (4–6 years) and school-age (7–12 years) children as an organised physical activity. Data were collected until October 2021 from eight international scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, UpToDate, Web of Science, Cochrane, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar). In the overviews, we found various times and frequencies of judo training for children. In preschool, the training time was 30–60 min with a frequency of 2–3 times per week, whereas in the school-age group, the training time was extended from 45 to 90 min 3–4 times per week. The most common injuries included upper arm injuries, followed by those of the lower limbs. In the future, it would be an advantage to systematise the methodology of judo training as an organised form of physical activity that can complement the daily dose of exercises recommended by the World Health Organization for maintaining children’s general health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

19 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review

by Jeong-Weon Kim and Sang-Seok Nam

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9624; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189624 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4814

Abstract

This study aimed to present a standard and normal distribution of Taekwondo athletes’ physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles using a systematic review. A systematic search was conducted using four Korean databases (Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library, DBpia, and Korean [...] Read more.

This study aimed to present a standard and normal distribution of Taekwondo athletes’ physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles using a systematic review. A systematic search was conducted using four Korean databases (Research Information Sharing Service, National Digital Science Library, DBpia, and Korean Studies Information Service System). From 2010 to 2020, we reviewed 838 papers on Taekwondo athletes’ physical characteristics and physical fitness factors (e.g., body composition, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, power, agility, balance, speed, and reaction time). Of them, 24 papers were selected and analyzed. The criteria for selecting the physical characteristics and physical fitness factors for data extraction were set to have a total sample size of more than 30 individuals and included two or more studies. The sample size and average and standard deviation of physical characteristics and physical fitness factors were extracted from each selected study. In this study, the estimation error of all variables, except for the eyes-closed single-leg stance (15.71%), was less than 8%. Therefore, it was confirmed that there was no problem with the validity of the estimated values. These results could be used as an essential objective basis for evaluating the physical characteristics and physical fitness profiles of Taekwondo athletes in most countries worldwide and setting training goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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18 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effects of 4 Weeks of a Technique-Specific Protocol with High-Intensity Intervals on General and Specific Physical Fitness in Taekwondo Athletes: An Inter-Individual Analysis

by Alex Ojeda-Aravena, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Jorge Cancino-López, José Zapata-Bastias and José Manuel García-García

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073643 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4696

Abstract

The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to compare the effects of a technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol vs. traditional taekwondo training on physical fitness and body composition in taekwondo athletes, as well as to analyse the inter-individual response. Utilising a parallel controlled design, sixteen male and female athletes (five females and 11 males) were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) that participated in the technique-specific HIIT and a control group (CG) that participated in traditional taekwondo training. Both groups trained three days/week for four weeks. Squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 5-metre sprint (5M), 20-metre shuttle run (20MSR), taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT_MULT), total kicks, and kick decrement index (KDI), as well as body composition were evaluated. Results indicate that there are no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the factors group and time factor and group by time interaction (p > 0.05). Although percentage and effect size increases were documented for post-intervention fitness components in TSAT, total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR, responders and non-responders were also documented. In conclusion, a HIIT protocol based on taekwondo-specific technical movements does not report significant differences in fitness and body composition compared to traditional taekwondo training, nor inter-individual differences between athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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6 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Exercise-Induced Release of Cardiac Troponins in Adolescent vs. Adult Swimmers

by Rafel Cirer-Sastre, Francisco Corbi, Isaac López-Laval, Luis Enrique Carranza-García and Joaquín Reverter-Masià

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031285 - 1 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3041

Abstract

To examine the exercise-induced release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in adolescent and adult swimmers. Thirty-two trained male (18 adolescents, 14 adults) swam at maximal pace in a 45 min distance trial, and blood samples were drawn before, immediately and 3 h after [...] Read more.

To examine the exercise-induced release of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in adolescent and adult swimmers. Thirty-two trained male (18 adolescents, 14 adults) swam at maximal pace in a 45 min distance trial, and blood samples were drawn before, immediately and 3 h after exercise for subsequent cTnT analysis and comparison. Having comparable training experience and baseline values of cTnT (p = 0.78 and p = 0.13), adults exercised at lower absolute and relative intensity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), but presented higher immediate cTnT after exercise than adolescents (p < 0.001). Despite that, peak concentrations were observed at 3 h post exercise and peak elevations were comparable between groups (p = 0.074). Fourteen (44%) apparently healthy subjects exceeded the cutoff value for myocardial infarction (MI). Adolescents presented a delayed elevation of cTnT compared with adults, but achieved similar peak values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Physical Fitness and Training Effect in Individual Sports)

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