ETHICA—ETHICs in Action: Values, Dilemmas, and Decision-Making in Contemporary Healthcare

A special issue of Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032). This special issue belongs to the section "Healthcare Organizations, Systems, and Providers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 September 2026 | Viewed by 2272

Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics & Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
2. Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: research ethics; research ethics committees; ethics of resources allocation; clinical ethics

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
2. Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics & Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: health technology assessment; ethics; bioethics; research ethics; clinical research

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue originates from the ETHICA Project, “Ethics in Action: values, dilemmas, and decision-making in contemporary healthcare,” promoted by the Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Bioethics and Medical Humanities, “A. Gemelli” School of Medicine, in collaboration with the Research Centre for Clinical Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

ETHICA is a collaborative research initiative that explores how ethical reasoning is enacted, sustained, and challenged within both clinical and organizational contexts. The project has been carried out by scholars from the two abovementioned institutions, integrating complementary expertise in bioethics, clinical practice, law, and the social sciences.

The primary aim of this Special Issue is to present the outcomes and insights generated within ETHICA, with particular attention to the ways in which values, dilemmas, and ethical decision-making shape contemporary healthcare practices.

Specifically, the contributions included will accomplish the following:

  • Investigate how ethical principles are integrated into healthcare decision-making, both at the bedside and within broader institutional frameworks;
  • Analyse the tools, processes, and cultural conditions that foster or hinder ethically sound practices;
  • Explore the role of Clinical Ethics Support Services (CESSs), stakeholder experiences (patients, families, and professionals), and the impact of ethics consultation on the quality of care;
  • Address systemic and organizational aspects of ethics in healthcare, as well as innovative approaches—such as the use of narrative and literature—to enrich moral imagination and professional empathy.

By fostering a multidisciplinary conversation rooted in the findings of the project, we aim to contribute to the development of healthcare systems that are not only clinically effective but also ethically attentive, value-driven, and responsive to the human experience of illness and care.  

We look forward to your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Antonio Gioacchino Spagnolo
Dr. Pietro Refolo
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Publisher’s Notice

As stated above, the central purpose of this Special Issue is to present research from the ETHICA Project, “Ethics in Action: values, dilemmas, and decision-making in contemporary healthcare”. Given this purpose, the Guest Editors’ contribution to this Special Issue may be greater than standard Special Issues published by MDPI. Further details on MDPI's Special Issue guidelines can be found here: https://www.mdpi.com/special_issues_guidelines. The Editorial Office and Editor-in-Chief of Healthcare have approved this and MDPI’s standard manuscript editorial processing procedure (https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process) will be applied to all submissions. As per our standard procedure, Guest Editors are excluded from participating in the editorial process for their submission and/or for submissions from persons with whom a potential conflict of interest may exist. More details on MDPI’s Conflict of Interest policy for reviewers and editors can be found here: https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark22.

Keywords

  • clinical ethics
  • healthcare decision-making
  • moral dilemmas
  • clinical ethics consultation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 424 KB  
Article
The VALUE Study: Exploring the Value of a Clinical Ethics Consultation Service at the “A. Gemelli” Hospital
by Salvatore Simone Masilla, Barbara Corsano, Simona Giardina, Costanza Raimondi, Pietro Refolo, Dario Sacchini, Clara Todini and Antonio G. Spagnolo
Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030395 - 4 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Background: Clinical Ethics Consultation (CEC) helps healthcare professionals, patients, and families address ethically complex situations in clinical practice. Since 2016, requests for CEC at the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS (FPG) have been entered into the hospital IT system like other consulting [...] Read more.
Background: Clinical Ethics Consultation (CEC) helps healthcare professionals, patients, and families address ethically complex situations in clinical practice. Since 2016, requests for CEC at the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS (FPG) have been entered into the hospital IT system like other consulting services. This has increased both the number of requests and the need to monitor and evaluate the service. Aims: This qualitative study investigates how the CEC service at FPG is perceived in terms of its value, role, and impact, and further aims to identify appropriate strategies for evaluating the service. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 healthcare professionals who had used or taken part in the service within the previous two years. Data were examined using reflective thematic analysis, leading to the development of codes and themes. Results: Five main themes emerged: (1) Role and identity of the clinical ethics consultant the, (2) Benefits of CEC for clinical practice, (3) How to evaluate the CEC Service, (4) HCPs’ Evaluation, and (5) CEC Service Improvement Strategies. Participants saw the consultant as an “active third party” who combines ethical, clinical, and communication skills to mediate conflicts, support teamwork, and guide shared care planning. The service was viewed as strengthening patient-centered care by improving communication with patients and families, clarifying treatment proportionality, and reducing clinicians’ decisional isolation. Interviewees emphasized the need for structured evaluation tools that include both quantitative indicators and qualitative feedback. Satisfaction with the service was consistently high, with recommendations to expand consultant availability, improve timeliness, and enhance training. Conclusions: CEC appears to serve as a clinical, relational, and training resource that fosters ethically grounded, collaborative, and person-centered care. Full article
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15 pages, 251 KB  
Article
Ethical Decision-Making and Clinical Ethics Support in Italian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Results from a National Survey
by Clara Todini, Barbara Corsano, Simona Giardina, Simone S. Masilla, Costanza Raimondi, Pietro Refolo, Dario Sacchini and Antonio G. Spagnolo
Healthcare 2026, 14(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14020181 - 11 Jan 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) constitute a highly complex clinical environment characterized by patient fragility and frequent ethically sensitive decisions. To date, systematic studies investigating how Italian NICUs address these challenges and what forms of ethics support are effectively available are lacking. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) constitute a highly complex clinical environment characterized by patient fragility and frequent ethically sensitive decisions. To date, systematic studies investigating how Italian NICUs address these challenges and what forms of ethics support are effectively available are lacking. The aim of this study is therefore to assess how ethical issues are managed in Italian NICUs, with particular attention to the availability, use, and perceived usefulness of clinical ethics support in everyday practice. Methods: A 25-item questionnaire was developed by adapting an existing tool for investigating clinical ethics activities to the neonatal context. Following expert review by the GIBCE (Gruppo Interdisciplinare di Bioetica Clinica e Consulenza Etica in ambito sanitario), the final instrument covered four areas (general data, experience with ethical dilemmas, tools and procedures, opinions and training needs). A manual web search identified all Italian NICUs and their clinical directors, who were asked to disseminate the survey among staff. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Data collection was conducted via Google Forms and analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis. Results: A total of 217 questionnaires were collected. The most frequent ethical dilemmas concern quality of life with anticipated multiple or severe disabilities (72.4%) and decisions to withdraw or withhold life-sustaining treatments (64.5%). Major challenges include fear of medico-legal repercussions (57.6%) and communication divergences between physicians and nurses (49.8%). More than half of respondents (52.1%) reported no formal training in clinical ethics, and 68.7% had never developed a Shared Care Plan (Shared Document for healthcare ethics planning) as defined by the Italian Law 219/2017. Conclusions: Findings highlight marked fragmentation in ethical practices across Italian NICUs. On this basis, establishing structured and accessible CEC services could help promote consistency, reinforce shared ethical standards, and support transparent and equitable decision-making in critical neonatal care. Full article
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