Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2026 | Viewed by 1410

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101—Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300—Box 2422, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Interests: mechanical characterization; soft tissues; in silico modeling; inverse methods; cartilage

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101—Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
2. Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
3. Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Interests: cartilage; tissue culture; osteoarthritis; mechanobiology; mechanotransduction

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Group T Leuven Campus, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
2. Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44—Box 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
3. Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
4. Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Interests: bone; cartilage; tissue engineering; biofabrication; bioprinting; melt electrowriting; hydrogels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogels are increasingly recognized as a crucial material in the field of tissue engineering and mechanobiological studies, particularly for advancing cartilage regeneration. Possessing favorable properties for biomedical applications, such as biocompatibility, high water content and mechanical properties, hydrogels serve as ideal substrates for mimicking the intricate microenvironment of tissues.

In cartilage tissue engineering and mechanobiological studies, hydrogels can be used to support the growth and proliferation of chondrocytes, thanks to their flexibility and suppleness, which closely emulate the mechanical properties of native cartilage. Furthermore, engineered hydrogels can be designed to degrade at a rate synchronized with the growth of new tissue, thereby supporting the fusion of the new tissue with the body.

The ability of hydrogels to mimic natural extracellular matrix (ECM), coupled with their tunable properties, positions them as desirable candidates for creating scaffolds aimed at supporting tissue regeneration. However, challenges persist, notably in matching hydrogel degradation rates with tissue growth and enhancing mechanical properties without compromising biocompatibility and bioactivity. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development endeavors hold promise for overcoming these hurdles and further enhancing the efficacy of hydrogels in cartilage  mechanobiological research and skeletal tissue engineering applications.

Dr. Seyed Ali Elahi
Dr. Rocío Castro-Viñuelas
Dr. Veerle Bloemen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hydrogels
  • tissue engineering
  • cartilage
  • biocompatibility
  • mechanobiology
  • mechanical properties
  • scaffolds

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 4951 KB  
Article
Novel GelMA/GelMA-AEMA Hydrogel Blend with Enhanced Printability as a Carrier for iPSC-Derived Chondrocytes In Vitro
by Paulo A. Amorim, Hannah Agten, Margaux Vermeulen, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, Liesbet Geris and Veerle Bloemen
Gels 2025, 11(9), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11090698 - 2 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering aims to restore damaged cartilage using biomaterials, cells, and/or biological cues to support cell growth and tissue repair. Although in the past decades scientific advances have moved the field forward, their translation to a clinical setting is still hampered. One [...] Read more.
Cartilage tissue engineering aims to restore damaged cartilage using biomaterials, cells, and/or biological cues to support cell growth and tissue repair. Although in the past decades scientific advances have moved the field forward, their translation to a clinical setting is still hampered. One major hurdle to take is to reduce process variability to ensure a predictable biological outcome. Using enabling technologies such as bioprinting has shown the potential to improve process robustness. However, developing bioinks that balance printability with biological functionality remains a major challenge. This study presents the development and structure–property relationships of a novel gelatin-based hydrogel blend, GelMA/GelMA-AEMA, optimized for extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) while maintaining the crucial biological properties of GelMA for tissue engineering applications. The novel GelMA/GelMA-AEMA blend demonstrated superior flowability and printability compared to GelMA, effectively addressing common 3D-printing defects such as filament shape inhomogeneity. A systematic rheological characterization revealed that the blend exhibits a softer, elastically dominated structure with improved compliance. The blend behaves as a yield-stress fluid with a strong shear-thinning degree, making it highly suitable for EBB. The superior flow properties of the blend are deemed to enhance bond slippage and stress-induced orientation of its more imperfect gel structure, resulting in greater macroscopic deformation and enhanced print fidelity. In addition, histological assessment of a 21-day in vitro study with iPSC-derived chondrocytes suggested that the blend is at least equally performant as GelMA in supporting matrix formation. Histological analysis shows similar matrix deposition profiles, whereas gene expression analysis and compression tests even have suggested superior characteristics for cartilage TE. This study emphasizes the central role of rheology in bioink development and provides foundations for future material development for EBB, with potential implications for cartilage tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology)
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15 pages, 3160 KB  
Article
Annealed Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Cartilage Replacement: Effects of Synthesis Parameters on Mechanical Properties
by Hassan Mahmoud, Christian M. Puttlitz, Benjamin C. Gadomski and Kevin M. Labus
Gels 2025, 11(8), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080644 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to determine the interactive effects of multiple synthesis parameters on annealed PVA hydrogel properties and assess these hydrogels for the application of cartilage replacement. PVA hydrogels were synthesized at two different molecular weight ranges (89–98 kDa and [...] Read more.
The objective of this paper was to determine the interactive effects of multiple synthesis parameters on annealed PVA hydrogel properties and assess these hydrogels for the application of cartilage replacement. PVA hydrogels were synthesized at two different molecular weight ranges (89–98 kDa and 146–186 kDa), two polymer concentrations (10% PVA and 20% PVA), and four different annealing temperatures (120 °C, 135 °C, 150 °C, and 165 °C). The compressive, tensile, and wear mechanical properties were measured, and the crystalline structure of these hydrogels was assessed via differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrogels showed increasing polymer weight percent, tensile modulus, and compressive modulus with increasing annealing temperature. Depending on synthesis parameters, the hydrogels matched or exceeded the previously published compressive and tensile properties of native cartilage. Higher molecular weight PVA hydrogels (146–186 kDa) exhibited less wear, but greater friction, compared to lower molecular weight PVA (89–98 kDa). The PVA hydrogels exhibited crystallinity in the range of 53–78%, but no consistent differences in crystallinity were detected between hydrogel variants. It was concluded that the (10% PVA, 146 kDa, 165 °C) annealed PVA hydrogel demonstrated the most appropriate balance of high tensile strength and compressive compliance comparable to cartilage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology)
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