Growing the Urban Forest: Building Our Understanding

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Forestry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 January 2026 | Viewed by 1034

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Interests: invasive species; integrated pest management; forest conservation; trees; tree ecology; insect plant interactions; tree growth; human behavior; urban forestry
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Interest in a better understanding of the range of both the values and challenges that urban trees provide and experience continues its ascent, globally, and to derive benefits (e.g., esthetic/economic values, shade, carbon storage/sequestration, fruit crops, human health considerations, biodiversity, and wildlife habitat), trees must establish and mature in size. Urban trees face many difficult conditions that include construction pressures/injury, pests, and challenges related to climate change. Among each of these areas, important knowledge gaps remain.

For this Special Issue, we encourage submissions related to the formal exploration of these topics that include—but are not limited to—theoretical, empirical, and modeling investigations that employ quantitative, qualitative, and/or mixed methodologies related to the following:

  • Evaluation of the esthetic or economic contributions of trees;
  • Tree function and/or performance (growth, survival, mortality, and morbidity) assessment in densely populated settings;
  • Understanding of human health considerations and benefits related to trees;
  • Techniques related to protecting and utilizing trees, wood, and wood products in urban settings;
  • Assessment of factors that inhibit tree performance (pests, construction activities, climate change);
  • Applications of new or emerging technologies.

We hope that this Special Issue provides a forum for novel insights that will advance our understanding of urban trees and their affiliated benefits to people and the landscape around them.

Prof. Dr. Richard W. Harper
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban forestry
  • tree growth
  • tree survival
  • human health
  • aesthetic values
  • heat island
  • carbon storage/sequestration
  • wood usage
  • fruit crops
  • biodiversity
  • wildlife habitat
  • economic contributions
  • pests
  • construction
  • climate change
  • UAS and new technologies
  • forestry

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 31273 KB  
Article
Extraction of Plant Ecological Indicators and Use of Environmental Simulation Methods Based on 3D Plant Growth Models: A Case Study of Wuhan’s Daijia Lake Park
by Anqi Chen, Wenjiao Li and Wei Zhang
Forests 2025, 16(9), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16091487 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 546
Abstract
The acquisition of plant ecological indicators, such as leaf area index and leaf area density values, typically relies on labor-intensive field sampling and measurements, which are often time-consuming and hinder large-scale application. As different plant ecological indicators are closely related to plants’ geometric [...] Read more.
The acquisition of plant ecological indicators, such as leaf area index and leaf area density values, typically relies on labor-intensive field sampling and measurements, which are often time-consuming and hinder large-scale application. As different plant ecological indicators are closely related to plants’ geometric characteristics, the development of dynamic correlation and prediction methods for relevant indicators has become an important research topic. However, existing 3D plant models are mainly used for visualization purposes, which cannot accurately reflect the plant’s growth process or geometric characteristics. This study presents a workflow for parametric 3D plant modeling and ecological indicator analysis, integrating dynamic plant modeling, indicator calculation, and microclimate simulation. With the established plant model, a method for calculating and analyzing ecological indicators, including the leaf area index, leaf area density, aboveground biomass, and aboveground carbon storage, was then proposed. A method for exporting the model-generated data into ENVI-met v.5.0 to simulate the microclimate environment was also established. Then, by taking Daijia Lake Park as an example, this study utilized site planting construction drawings and field survey data to perform parametric modeling of 21,685 on-site trees from 65 species at three different growth stages using Blender v.4.0 and The Grove plugin v.10. The generated plant model’s accuracy was then verified using the 3D IoU ratio between the models and on-site scanned point cloud data. Plant ecological indicators at various stages were then extracted and exported to ENVI-met for microclimate analysis. The workflow integrates the simulation of plant growth dynamics and their interactions with environmental factors. It can also be used for scenario-based predictions in planting design and serves as a basis for urban green space monitoring and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growing the Urban Forest: Building Our Understanding)
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Review

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17 pages, 2069 KB  
Review
Impact of Planting Depth on Urban Tree Health and Survival
by Jamie Lim, Kelly S. Allen, Candace B. Powning and Richard W. Harper
Forests 2025, 16(12), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121788 - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
Deep planting of young trees—defined as the burial of the root collar below soil grade—is widely recognized by practitioners as an improper technique that can impair tree development and establishment. Despite this knowledge, research has shown that urban trees are frequently planted too [...] Read more.
Deep planting of young trees—defined as the burial of the root collar below soil grade—is widely recognized by practitioners as an improper technique that can impair tree development and establishment. Despite this knowledge, research has shown that urban trees are frequently planted too deeply. To better understand the impacts of planting depth on the urban forest, we conducted a literature review of peer-reviewed and professional studies relevant to the effects of planting depth in urban trees. Most studies reported effects on tree establishment (34%), growth (23%), and root development (22%). A general conclusion across reviewed articles was evident: trees planted too deep exhibited higher mortality, slower establishment, and reduced growth, primarily due to poor root development. Effects of planting depth were also species-specific—Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.), Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.), White Ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) showed minimal differences in performance when deeply planted, while Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich), which tolerates anoxic conditions, performed better at or below grade than when planted above grade, although the findings in these studies only measured the effects of planting depth relative to limited measured parameters. We also compiled a reference table that links tree species to their performance based on planting depth. These findings highlight the critical role of planting depth in shaping root architecture and long-term success, emphasizing the need for adherence to best practices concerning proper planting, tree maintenance (e.g., mulching), and production in the nursery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growing the Urban Forest: Building Our Understanding)
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