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Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Collectors: Design, Modeling, and Performance Optimization

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 February 2026 | Viewed by 115

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: flat-plate solar collectors; optical and thermal modeling of solar thermal systems; solar tracking strategies; building-integrated solar energy technologies; energy efficiency in buildings; climate-responsive solar design; experimental validation and CFD simulation; optimization of solar thermal system performance
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Solar thermal collectors play a vital role in the transition toward sustainable and decarbonized energy systems. With a wide range of applications in water and space heating, industrial processes, and building integration, their efficiency and adaptability have become crucial to meeting global energy needs. This Special Issue focuses on recent developments in the design, modeling, and performance optimization of solar thermal collectors—including flat-plate glass collectors, evacuated tube systems, and concentrating collectors. Particular attention is given to advancements in materials, optical and thermal simulation, dynamic orientation and tracking strategies, and integration with thermal storage. Contributions addressing performance analysis under real-world operating conditions, experimental validation, and techno-economic assessments are also encouraged. This Special Issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative engineering solutions that enhance the performance and applicability of solar thermal collectors in various climatic and usage contexts. We invite researchers and practitioners to submit original research articles, review papers, and case studies contributing to the advancement of solar thermal technologies and their integration into modern energy systems.

Dr. Robert Kowalik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • flat-plate solar collectors
  • glass-covered solar collectors
  • solar thermal systems
  • thermal performance modeling
  • solar tracking strategies
  • evacuated tube collectors
  • building-integrated solar technologies
  • energy efficiency
  • CFD and optical simulations
  • thermal energy storage

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

31 pages, 2649 KB  
Article
Stepwise Single-Axis Tracking of Flat-Plate Solar Collectors: Optimal Rotation Step Size in a Continental Climate
by Robert Kowalik and Aleksandar Nešović
Energies 2025, 18(21), 5776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215776 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 25
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of rotation step size on the performance of flat-plate solar collectors (FPSC) equipped with single-axis tracking. Numerical simulations were carried out in EnergyPlus, coupled with a custom Python interface enabling dynamic control of collector orientation. The analysis was [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of rotation step size on the performance of flat-plate solar collectors (FPSC) equipped with single-axis tracking. Numerical simulations were carried out in EnergyPlus, coupled with a custom Python interface enabling dynamic control of collector orientation. The analysis was carried out for the city of Kragujevac in Serbia, located in a temperate continental climate zone, based on five representative summer days (3 July–29 September) to account for seasonal variability. Three collector types with different efficiency parameters were considered, and inlet water temperatures of 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C were applied to represent typical operating conditions. The results show that single-axis tracking increased the incident irradiance by up to 28% and the useful seasonal heat gain by up to 25% compared to the fixed configuration. Continuous tracking (ψ = 1°) achieved the highest energy yield but required 181 daily movements, which makes it mechanically demanding. Stepwise tracking with ψ = 10–15° retained more than 90–95% of the energy benefit of continuous tracking while reducing the number of daily movements to 13–19. For larger steps (ψ = 45–90°), the advantage of tracking decreased sharply, with thermal output only 5–10% higher than the fixed case. Increasing the inlet temperature from 20 °C to 40 °C reduced seasonal heat gain by approximately 30% across all scenarios. Overall, the findings indicate that relative single-axis tracking with ψ between 10° and 15° provides the most practical balance between energy efficiency, reliability, and economic viability, making it well-suited for residential-scale solar thermal systems. This is the first study to quantify how discrete rotation steps in single-axis tracking affect both thermal and economic performance of flat-plate collectors. The proposed EnergyPlus–Python model demonstrates that a 10–15° step offers 90–95% of the continuous-tracking energy gain while reducing actuator motion by ~85%. The results provide practical guidance for optimizing low-cost solar-thermal tracking in continental climates. Full article
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