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Energies
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Liquid Hydrogen Management and Application
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Liquid Hydrogen Management and Application

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2023) | Viewed by 4004

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Lei Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Refrigeration & Cryogenic Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Interests: boiling heat transfer; microgravity fluid mechanics; liquid hydrogen management; hydrogen safety technique; aerospace cryogenics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Liquid hydrogen is a traditional carrier of energy as well as a competitive hydrogen storage scheme. “Traditional” means it has been widely used in human aerospace explorations for over 60 years. Owing to its incomparable specific impulse advantage, liquid hydrogen has been selected as the launch vehicle fuel since 1960s, and a lot of aerospace missions have been implemented on the basis of successful management and application of liquid hydrogen. In this field, great techniques of liquid hydrogen have been accumulated and could be relied on for civil and commercial applications. In modern society, hydrogen attracts great attention in the energy area due to its inherent clean and high-energy density features, and techniques in the hydrogen chain involving hydrogen production, storage, transfer, and applications are urgently needed and are being developed. In this field, liquid hydrogen still plays a vital role, especially in hydrogen storage and transfer. The growing requirements of liquid hydrogen in the aerospace and civil energy fields have pushed forward research in the area of mechanisms and modeling, high-efficient storage, reliable transfer, and safety management associated with liquid hydrogen.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to theory, modeling, application, management, safety in the complete liquid hydrogen chain.

Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Theoretical analysis and modeling of liquid hydrogen systems;
  • Hydrogen liquefaction;
  • Liquid hydrogen storage and transfer;
  • Liquid hydrogen devices including heat exchanger, vessel, valve, sensors, and so forth;
  • Liquid hydrogen thermal insulation techniques;
  • Liquid hydrogen safety techniques;
  • liquid hydrogen applications in transportation, industrial, commercial, and aerospace.

Dr. Lei Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen storage
  • hydrogen liquification
  • thermal insulation
  • hydrogen safety
  • thermal stratification

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4162 KiB  
Article
CFD Investigation on Movement Features of Hydrogen Bubble under Microgravity Environment
by Lei Wang, Peijie Sun, Li Yan, Shi Shangguan, Miao Qu and Yanzhong Li
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7528; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207528 - 12 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1281
Abstract
A designed cryogenic upper stage adopted liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LH2/LO2) as an aerospace propellant. During a zero-gravity coast period in space, the wall heat leakage into the delivery tube could induce liquid propellant evaporation and two-phase flow [...] Read more.
A designed cryogenic upper stage adopted liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LH2/LO2) as an aerospace propellant. During a zero-gravity coast period in space, the wall heat leakage into the delivery tube could induce liquid propellant evaporation and two-phase flow phenomenon, so that a bubble discharge operation must be employed prior to engine restart. In this study, a CFD approach was utilized to numerically study the bubble discharge behaviors inside the LH2 delivery tube of the upper stage. The bubble motion properties under two different schemes, including positive acceleration effect and circulation flow operation, were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the boiled hydrogen bubbles could increase to the size of the tube inner diameter and distribute randomly within the entire tube volume, and that, in order for the bubble to spill upward under the acceleration effect, a higher acceleration level than the needed value of acquiring liquid–vapor separation inside the propellant tank should be provided. When creating an acceleration level of 10−3 g0, most of the bubbles could spill upward within 700 s. Significantly, the bubbles could not be completely expelled in the created acceleration condition since a number of small bubbles always stagnate in the bulk liquid region. In the circulation flow operation, the gas volume reduction was mainly attributed to two mechanisms: the vapor condensation effect; and bubble discharge effect. For the case with a circulation flow rate of 0.2 kg/s, a complete bubble discharge purpose was reached within 820 s, while a large bubble stagnation in the spherical distributor occupied a remarkable proportion of the total time. In addition, both the liquid flow rate and liquid subcooling exert important effects on bubble performance. When applying a high circulation flow, the gas volume reduction is mainly due to the inertial effect of liquid flow, but the bubble stagnation in the spherical distributor still affects the total discharge time. The liquid subcooling influence on the gas volume reduction is more significant in smaller circulation flow cases. Generally, the present study provides valuable conclusions on bubble motions inside a LH2 delivery tube in microgravity, and the results could be beneficial to the sequence design of engine restart for the cryogenic upper stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Hydrogen Management and Application)
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21 pages, 8026 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of the Pump Valve System of an Ultra-High Pressure Liquid Hydrogen Reciprocating Pump
by Nanbin Qiu, Xianwei Shang, Ruimin Liu, Ping Jin and Wanli Gao
Energies 2022, 15(12), 4255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124255 - 9 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2258
Abstract
This paper developed a 3D physical model of the hydraulic end of a high-pressure liquid hydrogen reciprocating pump to research the dynamic characteristics of the pump valve system. Based on dynamic mesh technology, we analyzed the coupling characteristics of pump valve and plunger [...] Read more.
This paper developed a 3D physical model of the hydraulic end of a high-pressure liquid hydrogen reciprocating pump to research the dynamic characteristics of the pump valve system. Based on dynamic mesh technology, we analyzed the coupling characteristics of pump valve and plunger motion and spool force considering the leakage model, closure model of valve gap, and compressibility of liquid hydrogen. Further, we analyzed the effect of the spring stiffness and preload force on the laws of motion of the pump valve. Finally, a liquid hydrogen pressurization test was conducted to revise the simulation model and verify the accuracy of the simulation. The results of the simulation and test show that the simulation method in this paper can simulate the liquid hydrogen pressurization process more accurately and obtain the motion law of the suction and discharge valves. Both the suction and discharge valves have an opening hysteresis angle of about 40°, and there is a strong coupling relationship between the spool motion and the piston motion and forces. The greater the preload force of the suction valve, the more obvious the oscillation effect of the suction valve. As the preload of the discharge valve increases, the opening hysteresis angle of the discharge valve increases significantly and the closing hysteresis angle decreases. The results of the research can provide some useful reference for the design of pump valves of high-pressure liquid hydrogen reciprocating pumps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Hydrogen Management and Application)
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