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Heat Storage in the Deep Underground
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Heat Storage in the Deep Underground

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H2: Geothermal".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 November 2021) | Viewed by 13545

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eva Schill

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe Insitute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Interests: enhanced geothermal systems; heat storage; magentotellurics; gravity; monitoring
Prof. Dr. Thomas Kohl

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Karlsruhe Insitute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Interests: numerical simulation; enhanced geothermal systems; heat storage

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“Heat storage in the Deep Underground” is the title of a Special Issue of the journal Energies that will serve as a guide for tackling new frontiers in Geothermal Energy utilization. It aims at highlighting the important role of heat storage from a future climate-neutral society in the light of fluctuating renewable energies and seasonal variations in heat demand.

It will include the presentation of concepts, methods, and results related to heat storage in the deep underground. Among others, aspects in concepts may include high-temperature heat storage, coupling of heat production and storage, coupling of other sources of renewable heat and geothermal storage, as well as coupling with other sectors. Methods may cover numerical studies on the storage capacity or performance of the reservoir, experimental studies or sites, specific developments in exploration for storage, developments in drilling and engineering, as well as operation. This Special Issue aims at reporting new results from pilot plants and demonstrators, including exploration, design, testing, operation, and long-term experience. Finally, we would like to solicit contributions on new concepts on interaction with the public in the framework of heat storage installations in the deep underground.

Prof. Dr. Eva Schill
Prof. Dr. Thomas Kohl
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • (High-temperature) aquifer thermal energy storage ((HT)-ATES)
  • Experimental and demonstration sites
  • Numerical modeling
  • Energy system integration

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 5037 KiB  
Article
Towards Sustainable Heat Supply with Decentralized Multi-Energy Systems by Integration of Subsurface Seasonal Heat Storage
by Els van der Roest, Stijn Beernink, Niels Hartog, Jan Peter van der Hoek and Martin Bloemendal
Energies 2021, 14(23), 7958; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237958 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2963
Abstract
In the energy transition, multi-energy systems are crucial to reduce the temporal, spatial and functional mismatch between sustainable energy supply and demand. Technologies as power-to-heat (PtH) allow flexible and effective utilisation of available surplus green electricity when integrated with seasonal heat storage options. [...] Read more.
In the energy transition, multi-energy systems are crucial to reduce the temporal, spatial and functional mismatch between sustainable energy supply and demand. Technologies as power-to-heat (PtH) allow flexible and effective utilisation of available surplus green electricity when integrated with seasonal heat storage options. However, insights and methods for integration of PtH and seasonal heat storage in multi-energy systems are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we developed methods for improved integration and control of a high temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) system within a decentralized multi-energy system. To this end, we expanded and integrated a multi-energy system model with a numerical hydro-thermal model to dynamically simulate the functioning of several HT-ATES system designs for a case study of a neighbourhood of 2000 houses. Results show that the integration of HT-ATES with PtH allows 100% provision of the yearly heat demand, with a maximum 25% smaller heat pump than without HT-ATES. Success of the system is partly caused by the developed mode of operation whereby the heat pump lowers the threshold temperature of the HT-ATES, as this increases HT-ATES performance and decreases the overall costs of heat production. Overall, this study shows that the integration of HT-ATES in a multi-energy system is suitable to match annual heat demand and supply, and to increase local sustainable energy use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Storage in the Deep Underground)
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23 pages, 3034 KiB  
Article
Geochemical Changes Associated with High-Temperature Heat Storage at Intermediate Depth: Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models for the DeepStor Site in the Upper Rhine Graben, Germany
by Jonathan Banks, Spencer Poulette, Jens Grimmer, Florian Bauer and Eva Schill
Energies 2021, 14(19), 6089; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196089 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
The campus of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) contains several waste heat streams. In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by optimizing thermal power consumption on the campus, researchers at the KIT are proposing a ‘DeepStor’ project, which will sequester waste [...] Read more.
The campus of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) contains several waste heat streams. In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by optimizing thermal power consumption on the campus, researchers at the KIT are proposing a ‘DeepStor’ project, which will sequester waste heat from these streams in an underground reservoir during the summer months, when the heat is not required. The stored heat will then be reproduced in the winter, when the campus’s thermal power demand is much higher. This paper contains a preliminary geochemical risk assessment for the operation of this subsurface, seasonal geothermal energy storage system. We used equilibrium thermodynamics to determine the potential phases and extent of mineral scale formation in the plant’s surface infrastructure, and to identify possible precipitation, dissolution, and ion exchange reactions that may lead to formation damage in the reservoir. The reservoir in question is the Meletta Beds of the Upper Rhein Graben’s Froidefontaine Formation. We modeled scale- and formation damage-causing reactions during six months of injecting 140 °C fluid into the reservoir during the summer thermal storage season and six months of injecting 80 °C fluid during the winter thermal consumption season. Overall, we ran the models for 5 years. Anhydrite and calcite are expected mineral scales during the thermal storage season (summer). Quartz is the predicted scale-forming mineral during the thermal consumption period (winter). Within ~20 m of the wellbores, magnesium and iron are leached from biotite; calcium and magnesium are leached from dolomite; and sodium, aluminum, and silica are leached from albite. These reactions lead to a net increase in both porosity and permeability in the wellbore adjacent region. At a distance of ~20–75 m from the wellbores, the leached ions recombine with the reservoir rocks to form a variety of clays, i.e., saponite, minnesotaite, and daphnite. These alteration products lead to a net loss in porosity and permeability in this zone. After each thermal storage and production cycle, the reservoir shows a net retention of heat, suggesting that the operation of the proposed DeepStor project could successfully store heat, if the geochemical risks described in this paper can managed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Storage in the Deep Underground)
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15 pages, 3303 KiB  
Article
Optimal Seasonal Heat Storage in a District Heating System with Waste Incineration
by Petri Penttinen, Jussi Vimpari and Seppo Junnila
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3522; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123522 - 13 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
European Union climate goals aim to increase waste incineration instead of landfills. Incineration of waste increases the mismatch between heat production and consumption since waste is generated constantly but energy demand varies significantly between seasons. Seasonal energy storage is suggested to alleviate this [...] Read more.
European Union climate goals aim to increase waste incineration instead of landfills. Incineration of waste increases the mismatch between heat production and consumption since waste is generated constantly but energy demand varies significantly between seasons. Seasonal energy storage is suggested to alleviate this mismatch. However, traditional seasonal storage options have not been cost-effective investments for energy companies. This paper explores the feasibility of a large cavern thermal energy storage in a large district heating system with waste incineration. First, 62 one-year optimisations for seasonal storage with varying size and power were conducted to determine the economic performance of the system. Second, the annual system emissions were estimated. The results show that even small capacity seasonal storage reduces system emissions significantly. Return on investment for the most profitable storage with a capacity of 90 GWh and power of 200 MW range between 3.6% and 9.4%, and the investment varies between EUR 43–112 M depending on costs. Seasonal energy storages are still not as profitable as traditional energy investments. This might change due to growing waste heat recovery and the rising cost of carbon emissions. Further research is needed into new business models for implementing large seasonal storages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Storage in the Deep Underground)
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26 pages, 5831 KiB  
Article
The Potential of Depleted Oil Reservoirs for High-Temperature Storage Systems
by Kai Stricker, Jens C. Grimmer, Robert Egert, Judith Bremer, Maziar Gholami Korzani, Eva Schill and Thomas Kohl
Energies 2020, 13(24), 6510; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246510 - 9 Dec 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4835
Abstract
HT-ATES (high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage) systems are a future option to shift large amounts of high-temperature excess heat from summer to winter using the deep underground. Among others, water-bearing reservoirs in former hydrocarbon formations show favorable storage conditions for HT-ATES locations. This [...] Read more.
HT-ATES (high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage) systems are a future option to shift large amounts of high-temperature excess heat from summer to winter using the deep underground. Among others, water-bearing reservoirs in former hydrocarbon formations show favorable storage conditions for HT-ATES locations. This study characterizes these reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) and quantifies their heat storage potential numerically. Assuming a doublet system with seasonal injection and production cycles, injection at 140 °C in a typical 70 °C reservoir leads to an annual storage capacity of up to 12 GWh and significant recovery efficiencies increasing up to 82% after ten years of operation. Our numerical modeling-based sensitivity analysis of operational conditions identifies the specific underground conditions as well as drilling configuration (horizontal/vertical) as the most influencing parameters. With about 90% of the investigated reservoirs in the URG transferable into HT-ATES, our analyses reveal a large storage potential of these well-explored oil fields. In summary, it points to a total storage capacity in depleted oil reservoirs of approximately 10 TWh a−1, which is a considerable portion of the thermal energy needs in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Storage in the Deep Underground)
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