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CO₂ Capture and Sequestration

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A special issue of Clean Technologies (ISSN 2571-8797).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2021) | Viewed by 56873

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Dr. Diganta Bhusan Das

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Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering (AACME), Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
Interests: water and soil security; wastewater treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I would like to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue (SI) entitled CO₂ Capture and Sequestration (CCS).

CCS aims to reduce global warming by capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from large point sources (e.g., fossil fuel power plants), separating the CO₂and storing it in suitable media using the latest developments in engineering principles.

CO₂ is captured using a variety of technologies that include processes such as absorption, adsorption, and membrane gas separation, among others. The choice, design, modeling and optimization, and tuning/control of material properties for CO₂ capture, as well as the processes themselves, are important.

The different methods used for CO₂ sequestration include (i) geological-sequestration that injects different phases of CO₂ in the subsurface (ii) oceanic storage that dissolves CO₂ into an ocean at different depths and (iii) solid-phase reaction of CO₂ with metal oxides to produce stable carbonates with no risk of CO₂ release to the atmosphere. Flow, transport, and reaction of CO₂ during sequestration, as well as other related matters, such as the monitoring of key environmental parameters, are important.

I welcome your contributions on topics that address/relate to any of the above CCS sub-topics.

If sufficient numbers of papers (≥10) are published in the planned SI, then an edited book containing the published papers will be released.

I look forward to your active participation in this endeavor and receiving your contributions. Both review and research papers are welcome.

Dr. Diganta Bhusan Das
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Clean Technologies is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

adsorption for CO₂ capture
membrane separation for CO₂ capture
materials for CO₂ capture
flow, transport, and reaction of CO₂ during CO₂ sequestration
mathematical modeling of CCS processes
monitoring of CCS processes
pilot scale studies and field demonstration for CCS processes

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 168 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

CO₂ Capture and Sequestration

by Diganta Bhusan Das

Clean Technol. 2024, 6(2), 494-496; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020025 - 16 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1717

Abstract

CO₂ capture and sequestration (CCS) aims to capture carbon dioxide (CO₂) from CO₂ sources (e [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

19 pages, 6206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planning a Notable CCS Pilot-Scale Project: A Case Study in France, Paris Basin—Ile-de-France

by Fernanda M. L. Veloso, Isaline Gravaud, Frédéric A. Mathurin and Sabrine Ben Rhouma

Clean Technol. 2022, 4(2), 458-476; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020028 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4307

Abstract

Few commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects are currently operating in the world, with almost all in the USA and China. Despite a high number of CCS pilot-scale projects achieved in Europe, only two commercial-scale projects are operating today. The goal of this study is to present a case study in France to select a promising location to deploy a notable CCS pilot-scale project based on a multicriteria regional-scale approach. The methodology applied in this case study describes and assesses different aspects involved in CCS technology at the regional scale, and then an evaluation of economic key performance indicators (KPI) of CCS is carried out. The assessment at the regional scale gives an overview of where CCS could be applied, when CCS could be deployed and how to launch CCS considering the needs and concerns of stakeholders in the region. Technical aspects were mapped, such as the location of irreducible CO₂ sources and long-lasting emissions and the location of storage resources and existing potential transport infrastructures. We identified the waste-to-energy and chemical sectors as the main CO₂ sources in the region. An economic analysis of a hypothetical scenario of CCS deployment was elaborated considering three of the higher emitters in the region. A CCS scenario in the Paris Basin region with a deployment between 2027 and 2050 indicates a low CO₂ cost per ton avoided between 43 EUR/t and 70 EUR/t for a cumulated total of 25 Mt and 16 Mt, respectively, of CO₂ captured and stored for 26 years, including 7.7 Mt of CO₂ from biomass (potential negative emissions). Storage maturity and availability of the resource are the most uncertain parameters of the scenario, although they are the key elements to push investment in capture facilities and transport. Geological storage pilot projects are mandatory to prove storage resource and should be located in strategic locations close to potential CO₂ sources in case of confirmation of proven resources. Well-perceived pilot-scale projects are the first step to start engaging in deciding and investing in commercial-scale CCS projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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20 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Advanced Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil with Carbon Capture: A Techno-Economic and CO₂ Emissions Analysis

by Jennifer Reeve, Oliver Grasham, Tariq Mahmud and Valerie Dupont

Clean Technol. 2022, 4(2), 309-328; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020018 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4020

Abstract

A techno-economic analysis has been used to evaluate three processes for hydrogen production from advanced steam reforming (SR) of bio-oil, as an alternative route to hydrogen with BECCS: conventional steam reforming (C-SR), C-SR with CO₂ capture (C-SR-CCS), and sorption-enhanced chemical looping (SE-CLSR). The impacts of feed molar steam to carbon ratio (S/C), temperature, pressure, the use of hydrodesulphurisation pretreatment, and plant production capacity were examined in an economic evaluation and direct CO₂ emissions analysis. Bio-oil C-SR-CC or SE-CLSR may be feasible routes to hydrogen production, with potential to provide negative emissions. SE-CLSR can improve process thermal efficiency compared to C-SR-CCS. At the feed molar steam to carbon ratio (S/C) of 2, the levelised cost of hydrogen (USD 3.8 to 4.6 per kg) and cost of carbon avoided are less than those of a C-SR process with amine-based CCS. However, at higher S/C ratios, SE-CLSR does not have a strong economic advantage, and there is a need to better understand the viability of operating SE-CLSR of bio-oil at high temperatures (>850 °C) with a low S/C ratio (e.g., 2), and whether the SE-CLSR cycle can sustain low carbon deposition levels over a long operating period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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18 pages, 2208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Vacuum Temperature Swing Adsorption for Direct Air Capture Using Aspen Adsorption

by Thomas Deschamps, Mohamed Kanniche, Laurent Grandjean and Olivier Authier

Clean Technol. 2022, 4(2), 258-275; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020015 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 10425

Abstract

The paper evaluates the performance of an adsorption-based technology for CO₂ capture directly from the air at the industrial scale. The approach is based on detailed mass and energy balance dynamic modeling of the vacuum temperature swing adsorption (VTSA) process in Aspen Adsorption software. The first step of the approach aims to validate the modeling thanks to published experimental data for a lab-scale bed module in terms of mass transfer and energy performance on a packed bed using amine-functionalized material. A parametric study on the main operating conditions, i.e., air velocity, air relative moisture, air temperature, and CO₂ capture rate, is undertaken to assess the global performance and energy consumption. A method of up-scaling the lab-scale bed module to industrial module is exposed and mass transfer and energy performances of the industrial module are provided. The scale up from lab scale to the industrial size is conservative in terms of thermal energy consumption while the electrical consumption is very sensitive to the bed design. Further study related to the engineering solutions available to reach high global gas velocity are required. This could be offered by monolith-shape adsorbents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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19 pages, 11674 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Understanding the Anomalous Corrosion Behaviour of 17% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel in Laboratory CCS-Environment—A Descriptive Approach

by Anja Pfennig and Axel Kranzmann

Clean Technol. 2022, 4(2), 239-257; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020014 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

To mitigate carbon dioxide emissions CO₂ is compressed and sequestrated into deep geological layers (Carbon Capture and Storage CCS). The corrosion of injection pipe steels is induced when the metal is in contact with CO₂ and at the same time the geological saline formation water. Stainless steels X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with approximately 17% Cr show potential as injection pipes to engineer the Northern German Basin geological onshore CCS-site. Static laboratory experiments (T = 60 °C, p = 100 bar, 700–8000 h exposure time, aquifer water, CO₂-flow rate of 9 L/h) were conducted to evaluate corrosion kinetics. The anomalous surface corrosion phenomena were found to be independent of heat treatment prior to exposure. The corrosion process is described as a function of the atmosphere and diffusion process of ionic species to explain the precipitation mechanism and better estimate the reliability of these particular steels in a downhole CCS environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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24 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Social Exploration of the West Australian Gorgon Gas, Carbon Capture and Storage Project

by Jonathan Paul Marshall

Clean Technol. 2022, 4(1), 67-90; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4010006 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4930

Abstract

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) appears to be essential for lowering emissions during the necessary energy transition. However, in Australia, it has not delivered this result, at any useful scale, and this needs explanation. To investigate the reasons for this failure, the paper undertakes a historical and social case study of the Gorgon gas project in Western Australia, which is often declared to be one of the biggest CCS projects in the world. The Gorgon project could be expected to succeed, as it has the backing of government, a practical and economic reason for removing CO₂, a history of previous exploration, nearby storage sites, experienced operators and managers, and long-term taxpayer liability for problems. However, it has run late, failed to meet its targets, and not lowered net emissions. The paper explores the social factors which seem to be disrupting the process. These factors include the commercial imperatives of the operation, the lack of incentives, the complexity of the process, the presence of ignored routine problems, geological issues (even in a well-explored area), technical failures, regulatory threats even if minor, tax issues, and the project increasing emissions and consuming carbon budgets despite claims otherwise. The results of this case study suggest that CCS may work in theory, but not well enough under some contemporary forms of social organisation, and the possibilities of CCS cannot be separated from its social background. Social dynamics should be included in CCS projections to enhance the accuracy of expectations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

17 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Development for Carbon Capture Cost Estimation

by Tryfonas Pieri and Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis

Clean Technol. 2021, 3(4), 787-803; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3040046 - 20 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5328

Abstract

Carbon capture is the most critical stage for the implementation of a technically viable and economically feasible carbon capture and storage or utilization scheme. For that reason, carbon capture has been widely studied, with many published results on the technical performance, modelling and, on a smaller scale, the costing of carbon capture technologies. Our objective is to review a large set of published studies, which quantified and reported the CO₂ capture costs. The findings are grouped, homogenised and standardised, and statistical models are developed for each one of the categories. These models allow the estimation of the capture costs, based on the amount of CO₂ captured and the type of source/separation principle of the capture technology used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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14 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated and Metal Free Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate and Glycidol from Glycerol Derived 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol via CO₂ Capture

by Santosh Khokarale, Ganesh Shelke and Jyri-Pekka Mikkola

Clean Technol. 2021, 3(4), 685-698; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3040041 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3709

Abstract

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and glycidol are considered industrially important chemical entities and there is a great benefit if these moieties can be synthesized from biomass-derived feedstocks such as glycerol or its derivatives. In this report, both DMC and glycidol were synthesized in an integrated process from glycerol derived 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol and CO₂ through a metal-free reaction approach and at mild reaction conditions. Initially, the chlorinated cyclic carbonate, i.e., 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was synthesized using the equivalent interaction of organic superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol with CO₂ at room temperature. Further, DMC and glycidol were synthesized by the base-catalyzed transesterification of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate using DBU in methanol. The synthesis of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was performed in different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-Me-THF). In this case, 2-Me-THF further facilitated an easy separation of the product where a 97% recovery of the 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was obtained compared to 63% with DMSO. The use of DBU as the base in the transformation of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate further facilitates the conversion of the 3-chloro-1,2 propandiol that forms in situ during the transesterification process. Hence, in this synthetic approach, DBU not only eased the CO₂ capture and served as a base catalyst in the transesterification process, but it also performed as a reservoir for chloride ions, which further facilitates the synthesis of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate and glycidol in the overall process. The separation of the reaction components proceeded through the solvent extraction technique where a 93 and 89% recovery of the DMC and glycidol, respectively, were obtained. The DBU superbase was recovered from its chlorinated salt, [DBUH][Cl], via a neutralization technique. The progress of the reactions as well as the purity of the recovered chemical species was confirmed by means of the NMR analysis technique. Hence, a single base, as well as a renewable solvent comprising an integrated process approach was carried out under mild reaction conditions where CO₂ sequestration along with industrially important chemicals such as dimethyl carbonate and glycidol were synthesized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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24 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Assessment of IGCC Power Plants Using Gas Switching Technology to Minimize the Energy Penalty of CO₂ Capture

by Szabolcs Szima, Carlos Arnaiz del Pozo, Schalk Cloete, Szabolcs Fogarasi, Ángel Jiménez Álvaro, Ana-Maria Cormos, Calin-Cristian Cormos and Shahriar Amini

Clean Technol. 2021, 3(3), 594-617; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030036 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4712

Abstract

Cost-effective CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is critical for the rapid global decarbonization effort recommended by climate science. The increase in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of plants with CCS is primarily associated to the large energy penalty involved in CO₂ capture. This study therefore evaluates three high-efficiency CCS concepts based on integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC): (1) gas switching combustion (GSC), (2) GSC with added natural gas firing (GSC-AF) to increase the turbine inlet temperature, and (3) oxygen production pre-combustion (OPPC) that replaces the air separation unit (ASU) with more efficient gas switching oxygen production (GSOP) reactors. Relative to a supercritical pulverized coal benchmark, these options returned CO₂ avoidance costs of 37.8, 22.4 and 37.5 €/ton (including CO₂ transport and storage), respectively. Thus, despite the higher fuel cost and emissions associated with added natural gas firing, the GSC-AF configuration emerged as the most promising solution. This advantage is maintained even at CO₂ prices of 100 €/ton, after which hydrogen firing can be used to avoid further CO₂ cost escalations. The GSC-AF case also shows lower sensitivity to uncertain economic parameters such as discount rate and capacity factor, outperforms other clean energy benchmarks, offers flexibility benefits for balancing wind and solar power, and can achieve significant further performance gains from the use of more advanced gas turbine technology. Based on all these insights, the GSC-AF configuration is identified as a promising solution for further development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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18 pages, 6069 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Carbon Storage in Portland Cement Mortar: Influences of Hydration Stage, Carbonation Time and Aggregate Characteristics

by Luqman Kolawole Abidoye and Diganta B. Das

Clean Technol. 2021, 3(3), 563-580; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3030034 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3262

Abstract

This study elucidates the effects of the particle size, carbonation time, curing time and pressure on the efficiency of carbon storage in Portland cement mortar. Using pressure chamber experiments, our findings show how carbonation efficiency increases with a decrease in the particle size. Approximately 6.4% and 8.2% (w/w) carbonations were achieved in the coarse-sand and fine-sand based mortar samples, respectively. For the hydration/curing time of 7 h, up to 12% carbonation was achieved. This reduced to 8.2% at 40 h curing period. On the pressure effect, for comparable curing conditions, 2 bar at 7 h carbonation time gives 1.4% yield, and 8.2% at 5 bar. Furthermore, analysing the effect of the carbonation time, under comparable conditions, shows that 4 h of carbonation time gives up to 8.2% yield while 64 h of carbonation gives up to 18.5%. It can be reliably inferred that, under similar conditions, carbonation efficiency increases with lower-sized particles or higher-surface areas, increases with carbonation time and higher pressure but decreases with hydration/curing time. Microstructural analyses with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further show the visual disappearance of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) together with the inhibition of ettringite formation by the presence of CO₂ and CaCO₃ formation during carbonation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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13 pages, 2048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Capture from Biogas by Deep Eutectic Solvents: A COSMO Study to Evaluate the Effect of Impurities on Solubility and Selectivity

by Thomas Quaid and M. Toufiq Reza

Clean Technol. 2021, 3(2), 490-502; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3020029 - 1 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4243

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are compounds of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) that contain a depressed melting point compared to their individual constituents. DES have been studied for their use as carbon capture media and biogas upgrading. However, contaminants’ presence in biogas might affect the carbon capture by DES. In this study, conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to determine the effect of temperature, pressure, and selective contaminants on five DES’ namely, choline chloride-urea, choline chloride-ethylene glycol, tetra butyl ammonium chloride-ethylene glycol, tetra butyl ammonium bromide-decanoic acid, and tetra octyl ammonium chloride-decanoic acid. Impurities studied in this paper are hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, water, nitrogen, octamethyltrisiloxane, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane. At infinite dilution, CO₂ solubility dependence upon temperature in each DES was examined by means of Henry’s Law constants. Next, the systems were modeled from infinite dilution to equilibrium using the modified Raoults’ Law, where CO₂ solubility dependence upon pressure was examined. Finally, solubility of CO₂ and CH₄ in the various DES were explored with the presence of varying mole percent of selective contaminants. Among the parameters studied, it was found that the HBD of the solvent is the most determinant factor for the effectiveness of CO₂ solubility. Other factors affecting the solubility are alkyl chain length of the HBA, the associated halogen, and the resulting polarity of the DES. It was also found that choline chloride-urea is the most selective to CO₂, but has the lowest CO₂ solubility, and is the most polar among other solvents. On the other hand, tetraoctylammonium chloride-decanoic acid is the least selective, has the highest maximum CO₂ solubility, is the least polar, and is the least affected by its environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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32 pages, 6782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Supercritical CO₂ Injection on CO₂ Storage Capacities of Geological Formations

by Kamal Jawher Khudaida and Diganta Bhusan Das

Clean Technol. 2020, 2(3), 333-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2030021 - 1 Sep 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4437

Abstract

One of the most promising means of reducing carbon content in the atmosphere, which is aimed at tackling the threats of global warming, is injecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) into deep saline aquifers (DSAs). Keeping this in mind, this research aims to investigate the effects of various injection schemes/scenarios and aquifer characteristics with a particular view to enhance the current understanding of the key permanent sequestration mechanisms, namely, residual and solubility trapping of CO₂. The paper also aims to study the influence of different injection scenarios and flow conditions on the CO₂ storage capacity and efficiency of DSAs. Furthermore, a specific term of the permanent capacity and efficiency factor of CO₂ immobilization in sedimentary formations is introduced to help facilitate the above analysis. Analyses for the effects of various injection schemes/scenarios and aquifer characteristics on enhancing the key permanent sequestration mechanisms is examined through a series of numerical simulations employed on 3D homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers based on the geological settings for Sleipner Vest Field, which is located in the Norwegian part of the North Sea. The simulation results highlight the effects of heterogeneity, permeability isotropy, injection orientation and methodology, and domain-grid refinement on the capillary pressure–saturation relationships and the amounts of integrated CO₂ throughout the timeline of the simulation via different trapping mechanisms (solubility, residual and structural) and accordingly affect the efficiency of CO₂ sequestration. The results have shown that heterogeneity increases the residual trapping of CO₂, while homogeneous formations promote more CO₂ dissolution because fluid flows faster in homogeneous porous media, inducing more contact with fresh brine, leading to higher dissolution rates of CO₂ compared to those in heterogeneous porous medium, which limits fluid seepage. Cyclic injection has been shown to have more influence on heterogenous domains as it increases the capillary pressure, which forces more CO₂ into smaller-sized pores to be trapped and exposed to dissolution in the brine at later stages of storage. Storage efficiency increases proportionally with the vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio of geological formations because higher ratios facilitate the further extent of the gas plume and increases the solubility trapping of the integrated gas. The developed methodology and the presented results are expected to play key roles in providing further insights for assessing the feasibility of various geological formations for CO₂ storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO₂ Capture and Sequestration)

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