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Article

Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study

by
Tatiana Palotta Minari
1,2,*,
José Fernando Vilela-Martin
2,
Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
2 and
Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
1
1
Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, Brazil
2
Department of Hypertension, State Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 July 2025 / Revised: 30 July 2025 / Accepted: 31 July 2025 / Published: 1 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights (3rd Edition))

Abstract

Background: The consumption of coffee has been widely debated regarding its effects on health. This study aims to analyze the correlations between daily coffee intake and sleep, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension over a 12-month period. Methods: An observational study was conducted with 40 participants with T2D and hypertension, comprising 20 females and 20 males. Participants were monitored for their daily coffee consumption over a 12-month period, being assessed every 3 months. Linear regression was utilized to assess interactions and relationships between variables, providing insights into potential predictive associations. Additionally, correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s tests to evaluate the strength and direction of linear and non-linear relationships. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, body mass index, sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.05) over the 12-month study in both sexes. No significant differences were noted in the remaining parameters (p > 0.05). The coffee consumed by the participants was of the “traditional type” and contained sugar (2g per cup) for 100% of the participants. An intake of 4.17 ± 0.360 cups per day was found at baseline and 5.41 ± 0.316 cups at 12 months (p > 0.05). Regarding correlation analysis, a higher coffee intake was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration in women (r = −0.731; p = 0.037). Conversely, greater coffee consumption correlated with lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in women (r = −0.820; p = 0.044). Additionally, a longer sleep duration was linked to lower FBG (r = -0.841; p = 0.031), HbA1c (r = -0.831; p = 0.037), and LDL-C levels in women (r = -0.713; p = 0.050). No significant correlations were observed for the other parameters in both sexes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In women, coffee consumption may negatively affect sleep duration while potentially offering beneficial effects on LDL-C levels, even when sweetened with sugar. Additionally, a longer sleep duration in women appears to be associated with improvements in FBG, HbA1c, and LDL-C. These correlations emphasize the importance of a balanced approach to coffee consumption, weighing both its potential health benefits and drawbacks in postmenopausal women. However, since this study does not establish causality, further randomized clinical trials are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms and long-term implications—particularly in the context of T2D and hypertension.
Keywords: coffee consumption; glycated hemoglobin; LDL cholesterol; sleep duration; chronic diseases; women coffee consumption; glycated hemoglobin; LDL cholesterol; sleep duration; chronic diseases; women

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Minari, T.P.; Vilela-Martin, J.F.; Yugar-Toledo, J.C.; Pisani, L.P. Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875

AMA Style

Minari TP, Vilela-Martin JF, Yugar-Toledo JC, Pisani LP. Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(8):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minari, Tatiana Palotta, José Fernando Vilela-Martin, Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo, and Luciana Pellegrini Pisani. 2025. "Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study" Biomedicines 13, no. 8: 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875

APA Style

Minari, T. P., Vilela-Martin, J. F., Yugar-Toledo, J. C., & Pisani, L. P. (2025). Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study. Biomedicines, 13(8), 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875

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