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Biomedicines
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Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19
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Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Microbiology in Human Health and Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 26407

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Miriam Ting

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Think Dental Learning Institute, Paoli, PA 19301, USA
Interests: periodontal microbiology and virology; aggressive periodontitis; dental Implants; dental lasers
Dr. Jon B. Suzuki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA
Interests: periodontology; oral implantology; SARS-COV-2
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The COVID-19 pandemic appears to be waning with improvements in preventive and therapeutic strategies, like hand washing, antimicrobial mouth rinses, social distancing, and repurposing of medications. However, constant viral mutations prevent complete immunity to the SARS-CoV-2.

This special issue includes appropriate nomenclature for SARS-CoV-2, mode of action and mechanism of viral entry into cells. The pathophysiology of COVID-induced chronic inflammation and cytokine burst of activity, may have respiratory, cardiac and neurologic manifestations, as well as recent pediatric implications. Other complications of COVID-19 include multiple organ dysfunction, hypercoagulation, and multi-organ failure. These systemic complications may have lingering effects, leading to long haul COVID. Antibody response to SAR-CoV-2, vaccine-induced antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, and the booster-induced antibody response against the emerging Omicron subvariants, BA.5, BA.4 and BA.2.12.1 will be further investigated.

Immunosenescence in immunocompromised individuals, aging individuals and those with other predisposing factors, greatly participate in the risk to COVID infections. Recently, breakthrough COVID-19 infections have been recognized, and selective bursts of these infections have been noted in regional areas of the United States and around the world.  Breakthrough COVID-19 infections affect previously vaccinated individuals and previously infected individuals. Immunosenescense may hinder the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and cause infections despite vaccinations.

To keep abreast of mutating SAR-CoV-2, emerging therapies and preventative measures need to be dynamic. This special issue will include emerging trends in COVID-19 therapies and prevention.

Dr. Miriam Ting
Dr. Jon B. Suzuki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • COVID
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • vaccines
  • pandemic

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4546 KiB  
Article
Herbal Compounds Dauricine and Isoliensinine Impede SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry
by Shaneek Natoya Dabrell, Yi-Chuan Li, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Hsiao-Fan Chen and Mien-Chie Hung
Biomedicines 2023, 11(11), 2914; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112914 - 27 Oct 2023
Viewed by 994
Abstract
Targeting viral entry has been the focal point for the last 3 years due to the continued threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2’s entry is highly dependent on the interaction between the virus’s Spike protein and host receptors. The virus’s Spike protein is a [...] Read more.
Targeting viral entry has been the focal point for the last 3 years due to the continued threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2’s entry is highly dependent on the interaction between the virus’s Spike protein and host receptors. The virus’s Spike protein is a key modulator of viral entry, allowing sequential cleavage of ACE2 at the S1/S2 and S2 sites, resulting in the amalgamation of membranes and subsequent entry of the virus. A Polybasic insertion (PRRAR) conveniently located at the S1/S2 site can also be cleaved by furin or by serine protease, TMPRSS2, at the cell surface. Since ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are conveniently located on the surface of host cells, targeting one or both receptors may inhibit receptor-ligand interaction. Here, we show that Dauricine and Isoliensinine, two commonly used herbal compounds, were capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral entry by reducing Spike-ACE2 interaction but not suppressing TMPRSS2 protease activity. Further, our biological assays using pseudoviruses engineered to express Spike proteins of different variants revealed a reduction in infection rates following treatment with these compounds. The molecular modeling revealed an interconnection between R403 of Spike protein and both two compounds. Spike mutations at residue R403 are critical, and often utilized by ACE2 to gain cell access. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that Dauricine and Isoliensinine are effective in blocking Spike-ACE2 interaction and may serve as effective therapeutic agents for targeting SARS-CoV-2′s viral entry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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12 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
The Correlation of Serum Calpain 1 Activity and Concentrations of Interleukin 33 in COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
by Domagoj Loinjak, Damir Mihić, Robert Smolić, Lana Maričić, Ines Šahinović, Martina Smolić, Renata Sikora, Sanja Loinjak, Kristijan Dinjar and Aleksandar Včev
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1847; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071847 - 27 Jun 2023
Viewed by 830
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most severe complications of the COVID-19 disease. The role of IL-33 and calpain 1 was previously described in lung infections and lung tissue damage. Our study examined the association between serum calpain 1 activity [...] Read more.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most severe complications of the COVID-19 disease. The role of IL-33 and calpain 1 was previously described in lung infections and lung tissue damage. Our study examined the association between serum calpain 1 activity and IL-33 concentration in patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In the research, we included 80 subjects who had COVID-19 pneumonia and divided them into 2 groups: 40 subjects with ARDS and 40 subjects without ARDS. The basis of the research was the collection of subjects’ data and the sampling of peripheral venous blood. The concentration of IL-33 was determined by the ELISA method and the activity of calpain 1 by the fluorometry method. Our research showed elevated calpain 1 activity and IL-33 concentration in the serum of COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS compared to those who did not develop ARDS and a positive correlation between them was established. Further, a positive correlation was established between the examined parameters and the severity of the disease, proinflammatory markers, and the use of mechanical ventilation. These results indicate a possible association and role of calpain 1 and IL-33 with the development of ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
18 pages, 5622 KiB  
Article
Morphologic Findings in the Cerebral Cortex in COVID-19: Association of Microglial Changes with Clinical and Demographic Variables
by Anastasiya S. Babkina, Mikhail Ya. Yadgarov, Maxim A. Lyubomudrov, Irina V. Ostrova, Alexey V. Volkov, Artem N. Kuzovlev, Andrey V. Grechko and Arkady M. Golubev
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051407 - 09 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1870
Abstract
Despite the enormous interest in COVID-19, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neurological symptoms in COVID-19. Microglia have been hypothesized to be a potential mediator of the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. In most existing studies to date, morphological [...] Read more.
Despite the enormous interest in COVID-19, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neurological symptoms in COVID-19. Microglia have been hypothesized to be a potential mediator of the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. In most existing studies to date, morphological changes in internal organs, including the brain, are considered in isolation from clinical data and defined as a consequence of COVID-19. We performed histological immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of brain autopsy materials of 18 patients who had died from COVID-19. We evaluated the relationship of microglial changes with the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients. The results revealed neuronal alterations and circulatory disturbances. We found an inverse correlation between the integral density Iba-1 (microglia/macrophage-specific marker) IHC staining and the duration of the disease (R = −0.81, p = 0.001), which may indicate a reduced activity of microglia and do not exclude their damage in the long-term course of COVID-19. The integral density of Iba-1 IHC staining was not associated with other clinical and demographic factors. We observed a significantly higher number of microglial cells in close contact with neurons in female patients, which confirms gender differences in the course of the disease, indicating the need to study the disease from the standpoint of personalized medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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13 pages, 1717 KiB  
Article
Variant-Related Differences in Laboratory Biomarkers among Patients Affected with Alpha, Delta and Omicron: A Retrospective Whole Viral Genome Sequencing and Hospital-Setting Cohort Study
by Georgios Meletis, Areti Tychala, Georgios Ntritsos, Eleni Verrou, Filio Savvidou, Iasonas Dermitzakis, Anastasia Chatzidimitriou, Ioanna Gkeka, Barbara Fyntanidou, Sofia Gkarmiri, Alexandros T. Tzallas, Efthymia Protonotariou, Kali Makedou, Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis and Lemonia Skoura
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041143 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) with specific characteristics have emerged and spread worldwide. At the same time, clinicians routinely evaluate the results of certain blood tests upon patient admission as well as during hospitalization to assess disease severity [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) with specific characteristics have emerged and spread worldwide. At the same time, clinicians routinely evaluate the results of certain blood tests upon patient admission as well as during hospitalization to assess disease severity and the overall patient status. In the present study, we searched for significant cell blood count and biomarker differences among patients affected with the Alpha, Delta and Omicron VOCs at admission. Data from 330 patients were retrieved regarding age, gender, VOC, cell blood count results (WBC, Neut%, Lymph%, Ig%, PLT), common biomarkers (D-dimers, urea, creatinine, SGOT, SGPT, CRP, IL-6, suPAR), ICU admission and death. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, two-way ANOVA, Chi-square, T-test, the Mann–Whitney test and logistic regression was performed where appropriate using SPSS v.28 and STATA 14. Age and VOC were significantly associated with hospitalization, whereas significant differences among VOC groups were found for WBC, PLT, Neut%, IL-6, creatinine, CRP, D-dimers and suPAR. Our analyses showed that throughout the current pandemic, not only the SARS-CoV-2 VOCs but also the laboratory parameters that are used to evaluate the patient’s status at admission are subject to changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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Review

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28 pages, 11339 KiB  
Review
A Pictorial Essay Describing the CT Imaging Features of COVID-19 Cases throughout the Pandemic with a Special Focus on Lung Manifestations and Extrapulmonary Vascular Abdominal Complications
by Barbara Brogna, Elio Bignardi, Antonia Megliola, Antonietta Laporta, Andrea La Rocca, Mena Volpe and Lanfranco Aquilino Musto
Biomedicines 2023, 11(8), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082113 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1504
Abstract
With the Omicron wave, SARS-CoV-2 infections improved, with less lung involvement and few cases of severe manifestations. In this pictorial review, there is a summary of the pathogenesis with particular focus on the interaction of the immune system and gut and lung axis [...] Read more.
With the Omicron wave, SARS-CoV-2 infections improved, with less lung involvement and few cases of severe manifestations. In this pictorial review, there is a summary of the pathogenesis with particular focus on the interaction of the immune system and gut and lung axis in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 and the computed tomography (CT) imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia from the beginning of the pandemic, describing the typical features of COVID-19 pneumonia following the Delta variant and the atypical features appearing during the Omicron wave. There is also an outline of the typical features of COVID-19 pneumonia in cases of breakthrough infection, including secondary lung complications such as acute respiratory distress disease (ARDS), pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and lung pulmonary thromboembolism, which were more frequent during the first waves of the pandemic. Finally, there is a description of vascular extrapulmonary complications, including both ischemic and hemorrhagic abdominal complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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14 pages, 1406 KiB  
Review
COVID-19: Variants, Immunity, and Therapeutics for Non-Hospitalized Patients
by Cameron Y. S. Lee and Jon B. Suzuki
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072055 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1148
Abstract
The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be [...] Read more.
The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be a highly transmissible disease despite efforts by public health officials and healthcare providers to manage and control the disease. Variants identified in selected worldwide epicenters add to the complexity of vaccine efficacy, overage, and antibody titer maintenance and bioactivity. The identification of the SARS-CoV-2 variants is described with respect to evading protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and breakthrough infections. Vaccines and other therapeutics have prevented millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections and thousands of deaths in the United States. We explore aspects of the immune response in a condensed discussion to understand B and T cell lymphocyte regulatory mechanisms and antibody effectiveness and senescence. Finally, COVID-19 therapies including Paxlovid, Remdisivir, Molnupiravir and convalescent plasma in non-hospitalized patients are presented with limitations for identification, collection, and distribution to infected patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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21 pages, 1476 KiB  
Review
Gender Differences in Response to COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination
by Kawther Zaher, Fatemah Basingab, Jehan Alrahimi, Kholood Basahel and Alia Aldahlawi
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061677 - 09 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1702
Abstract
Since COVID-19 first appeared, a number of follow-up events have taken place. In an effort to find a solution to this catastrophe, a great deal of study and analysis has been conducted. Because of the high morbidity and exceptionally large losses, scientists are [...] Read more.
Since COVID-19 first appeared, a number of follow-up events have taken place. In an effort to find a solution to this catastrophe, a great deal of study and analysis has been conducted. Because of the high morbidity and exceptionally large losses, scientists are being pushed to conduct more research and find vaccination and treatments. The virus has a wide range of effects, one of which is how it affects sexual activity in both men and women. The impact of the cardiovascular system and susceptibility to embolism, lung stress, and infection heightens the probability of hospitalization in the intensive care unit for pregnant women who have contracted COVID-19. There is no evidence of infection being passed from mother to child. In the current review, the role of COVID-19 infection and vaccination on male and female sexual activity, hormones, and the menstrual cycle for females, as well as on male sex hormones and sexual activity during infection and after vaccination, are being investigated. There are no reports of the virus being isolated from the semen of an infected patient or recently recovered patients. A recent investigation on the influence of the virus on gender susceptibility to sexual organs and function has been uncovered throughout this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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18 pages, 1354 KiB  
Review
COVID-19, Blood Lipid Changes, and Thrombosis
by Akhlaq A. Farooqui, Tahira Farooqui, Grace Y. Sun, Teng-Nan Lin, Daniel B. L. Teh and Wei-Yi Ong
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041181 - 15 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3328
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in [...] Read more.
Although there is increasing evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation induced by COVID-19 may contribute to increased risk and severity of thromboses, the underlying mechanism(s) remain to be understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of blood lipids in association with thrombosis events observed in COVID-19 patients. Among different types of phospholipases A2 that target cell membrane phospholipids, there is increasing focus on the inflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 IIA (sPLA2-IIA), which is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Analysis indicates increased sPLA2-IIA levels together with eicosanoids in the sera of COVID patients. sPLA2 could metabolise phospholipids in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells to produce arachidonic acid (ARA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid in platelets is metabolised to prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2, known for their pro-coagulation and vasoconstrictive properties. Lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, could be metabolised by autotaxin (ATX) and further converted to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Increased ATX has been found in the serum of patients with COVID-19, and LPA has recently been found to induce NETosis, a clotting mechanism triggered by the release of extracellular fibres from neutrophils and a key feature of the COVID-19 hypercoagulable state. PLA2 could also catalyse the formation of platelet activating factor (PAF) from membrane ether phospholipids. Many of the above lipid mediators are increased in the blood of patients with COVID-19. Together, findings from analyses of blood lipids in COVID-19 patients suggest an important role for metabolites of sPLA2-IIA in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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14 pages, 819 KiB  
Review
Bidirectional Relationship between Glycemic Control and COVID-19 and Perspectives of Islet Organoid Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by Tongran Zhang, Nannan Wang, Lingqiang Zhu, Lihua Chen and Huisheng Liu
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030856 - 11 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1498
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to morbidity and mortality, with several clinical manifestations, and has caused a widespread pandemic. It has been found that type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. [...] Read more.
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to morbidity and mortality, with several clinical manifestations, and has caused a widespread pandemic. It has been found that type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. Moreover, accumulating evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection can increase the risk of hyperglycemia and diabetes, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear because of a lack of authentic disease models to recapitulate the abnormalities involved in the development, regeneration, and function of human pancreatic islets under SARS-CoV-2 infection. Stem-cell-derived islet organoids have been valued as a model to study islets’ development and function, and thus provide a promising model for unraveling the mechanisms underlying the onset of diabetes under SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review summarized the latest results from clinical and basic research on SARS-CoV-2-induced pancreatic islet damage and impaired glycemic control. Furthermore, we discuss the potential and perspectives of using human ES/iPS cell-derived islet organoids to unravel the bidirectional relationship between glycemic control and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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11 pages, 277 KiB  
Review
Current SARS-CoV-2 Protective Strategies for Healthcare Professionals
by Miriam Ting, John A. Molinari and Jon B. Suzuki
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030808 - 07 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2206
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 was first reported in China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and spread primarily via an airborne route. Hand hygiene, surgical masks, vaccinations and boosters, air filtration, [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 was first reported in China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and spread primarily via an airborne route. Hand hygiene, surgical masks, vaccinations and boosters, air filtration, environmental sanitization, instrument sterilization, mouth rinses, and social distancing are essential infection control measures against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This paper aims to provide healthcare professionals with evidence-based protective strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
17 pages, 4195 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms, Effects, and Management of Neurological Complications of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (NC-PASC)
by Ian Z. Ong, Dennis L. Kolson and Matthew K. Schindler
Biomedicines 2023, 11(2), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020377 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3140
Abstract
With a growing number of patients entering the recovery phase following infection with SARS-CoV-2, understanding the long-term neurological consequences of the disease is important to their care. The neurological complications of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (NC-PASC) represent a myriad of symptoms including [...] Read more.
With a growing number of patients entering the recovery phase following infection with SARS-CoV-2, understanding the long-term neurological consequences of the disease is important to their care. The neurological complications of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (NC-PASC) represent a myriad of symptoms including headaches, brain fog, numbness/tingling, and other neurological symptoms that many people report long after their acute infection has resolved. Emerging reports are being published concerning COVID-19 and its chronic effects, yet limited knowledge of disease mechanisms has challenged therapeutic efforts. To address these issues, we review broadly the literature spanning 2020–2022 concerning the proposed mechanisms underlying NC-PASC, outline the long-term neurological sequelae associated with COVID-19, and discuss potential clinical interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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23 pages, 1247 KiB  
Systematic Review
Preprocedural Viral Load Effects of Oral Antiseptics on SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review
by Miriam Ting, Alex Dahlkemper, Jeremy J. Schwartz, Manzel Woodfork and Jon B. Suzuki
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061694 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
(1) There are limited clinical trials to support the effectiveness of mouth rinses when used as a preprocedural rinse against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic mouth rinses as a preprocedural rinse [...] Read more.
(1) There are limited clinical trials to support the effectiveness of mouth rinses when used as a preprocedural rinse against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic mouth rinses as a preprocedural rinse in reducing SARS-CoV-2 oral viral load in-vivo. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted through November 2022 for the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The evaluated outcomes were quantitative changes in viral load and the statistical significance of that change after using antiseptic mouth rinses. (3) Results: 14 randomized controlled trials (RCT) were selected for risk of bias assessment and data extraction. (4) Conclusion: Within the limits of this systematic review, preprocedural mouth rinses may significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the mouth, thus, reducing the viral particles available for airborne dispersion. Preprocedural mouth rinses may be an effective strategy for reducing airborne SARS-CoV-2 dispersion in the environment. Their use may be a preventive strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in selected medical and healthcare facilities, including dental clinics. Potential preprocedural mouth rinses are identified for use as an integral part of safe practice for healthcare protocols. This systematic review was registered with the National Institute for Health Research, international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42022315177. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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9 pages, 1176 KiB  
Brief Report
A Small Molecule That In Vitro Neutralizes Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Most Infectious Variants, Delta, and Omicron
by Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz, Hanan Qasim, Elizabeth Merlinsky, Glenn Fox, Tasneem Islam, Bryan Medina, Robert J. Schwartz, John W. Craft, Jr. and Bradley K. McConnell
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030916 - 15 Mar 2023
Viewed by 2464
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need to develop highly potent and safe medications that are complementary to the role of vaccines. Specifically, it has exhibited the need for orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antivirals that are able to be quickly deployed against newly [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need to develop highly potent and safe medications that are complementary to the role of vaccines. Specifically, it has exhibited the need for orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antivirals that are able to be quickly deployed against newly emerging viral pathogens. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and its variants Delta and Omicron are still a major threat to patients of all ages. In this brief report, we describe that the small molecule CD04872SC was able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 infection with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 248 μM. Serendipitously, we also were able to observe that CD04872SC inhibited the infection of the SARS-CoV-2 variants; Delta (EC50 = 152 μM) and Omicron (EC50 = 308 μM). These properties may define CD04872SC as a potential broad-spectrum candidate lead for the development of treatments for COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Pathophysiology and Therapy of COVID-19)
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