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Atmosphere
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El Niño Southern Oscillation
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El Niño Southern Oscillation

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2015) | Viewed by 28869

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Agus Santoso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Interests: tropical climate dynamics; ENSO; Indian Ocean Dipole; Indonesian throughflow; climate change processes; rainfall variability; global thermohaline circulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Earth’s most dominant source of year-to-year climate variability, exerts significant impact on the environment and socio-economy worldwide.  Originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean through the Bjerknes-coupled feedback, the rise and demise of ENSO events involve significant changes to atmospheric and oceanic circulations both within and outside the tropical Pacific. The associated large shifts in circulation patterns elevate occurrence likelihood of extreme conditions and weather events, such as hurricanes, dust storms, forest fires, floods, and droughts. Ability to predict ENSO well in advance is crucial to anticipate its impacts, manage risks, and maximize opportunities, especially in a global climate that is undergoing rapid change. However, despite decades of research, gaps remain in our knowledge about ENSO. These gaps should gradually narrow as new observations, proxies, improved models, and theories become available.

This Special Issue calls for papers that offer further insights into the physical aspects of ENSO including, but not limited to, coupled feedback processes, role of clouds, seasonal phase locking, interactions with remote variability, ENSO precursors, predictability, teleconnections, and impacts, as well as changes in any of these aspects under external forcing. Modeling, observation, theory, and paleo-focused papers on this topic are welcomed.

Dr. Agus Santoso
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • el niño
  • la niña
  • ENSO
  • southern Oscillation
  • tropical climate variability

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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2511 KiB  
Article
ENSO-Related Precipitation and Its Statistical Relationship with the Walker Circulation Trend in CMIP5 AMIP Models
by Bo Young Yim, Sang-Wook Yeh and Byung-Ju Sohn
Atmosphere 2016, 7(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020019 - 29 Jan 2016
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5292
Abstract
Observational evidence shows that the Walker circulation (WC) in the tropical Pacific has strengthened in recent decades. In this study, we examine the WC trend for 1979–2005 and its relationship with the precipitation associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using the [...] Read more.
Observational evidence shows that the Walker circulation (WC) in the tropical Pacific has strengthened in recent decades. In this study, we examine the WC trend for 1979–2005 and its relationship with the precipitation associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using the sea surface temperature (SST)-constrained Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. All of the 29 models show a strengthening of the WC trend in response to an increase in the SST zonal gradient along the equator. Despite the same SST-constrained AMIP simulations, however, a large diversity is found among the CMIP5 climate models in the magnitude of the WC trend. The relationship between the WC trend and precipitation anomalies (PRCPAs) associated with ENSO (ENSO-related PRCPAs) shows that the longitudinal position of the ENSO-related PRCPAs in the western tropical Pacific is closely related to the magnitude of the WC trend. Specifically, it is found that the strengthening of the WC trend is large (small) in the CMIP5 AMIP simulations in which the ENSO-related PRCPAs are located relatively westward (eastward) in the western tropical Pacific. Therefore, the zonal shift of the ENSO-related precipitation in the western tropical Pacific, which is associated with the climatological mean precipitation in the tropical Pacific, could play an important role in modifying the WC trend in the CMIP5 climate models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue El Niño Southern Oscillation)
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Review

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4465 KiB  
Review
A Review of ENSO Influence on the North Atlantic. A Non-Stationary Signal
by Belén Rodríguez-Fonseca, Roberto Suárez-Moreno, Blanca Ayarzagüena, Jorge López-Parages, Iñigo Gómara, Julián Villamayor, Elsa Mohino, Teresa Losada and Antonio Castaño-Tierno
Atmosphere 2016, 7(7), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7070087 - 25 Jun 2016
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 12714
Abstract
The atmospheric seasonal cycle of the North Atlantic region is dominated by meridional movements of the circulation systems: from the tropics, where the West African Monsoon and extreme tropical weather events take place, to the extratropics, where the circulation is dominated by seasonal [...] Read more.
The atmospheric seasonal cycle of the North Atlantic region is dominated by meridional movements of the circulation systems: from the tropics, where the West African Monsoon and extreme tropical weather events take place, to the extratropics, where the circulation is dominated by seasonal changes in the jetstream and extratropical cyclones. Climate variability over the North Atlantic is controlled by various mechanisms. Atmospheric internal variability plays a crucial role in the mid-latitudes. However, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is still the main source of predictability in this region situated far away from the Pacific. Although the ENSO influence over tropical and extra-tropical areas is related to different physical mechanisms, in both regions this teleconnection seems to be non-stationary in time and modulated by multidecadal changes of the mean flow. Nowadays, long observational records (greater than 100 years) and modeling projects (e.g., CMIP) permit detecting non-stationarities in the influence of ENSO over the Atlantic basin, and further analyzing its potential mechanisms. The present article reviews the ENSO influence over the Atlantic region, paying special attention to the stability of this teleconnection over time and the possible modulators. Evidence is given that the ENSO–Atlantic teleconnection is weak over the North Atlantic. In this regard, the multidecadal ocean variability seems to modulate the presence of teleconnections, which can lead to important impacts of ENSO and to open windows of opportunity for seasonal predictability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue El Niño Southern Oscillation)
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3940 KiB  
Review
The Teleconnection of the Tropical Atlantic to Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures on Inter-Annual to Centennial Time Scales: A Review of Recent Findings
by Fred Kucharski, Afroja Parvin, Belen Rodriguez-Fonseca, Riccardo Farneti, Marta Martin-Rey, Irene Polo, Elsa Mohino, Teresa Losada and Carlos R. Mechoso
Atmosphere 2016, 7(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020029 - 17 Feb 2016
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 10205
Abstract
In this paper, the teleconnections from the tropical Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific region from inter-annual to centennial time scales will be reviewed. Identified teleconnections and hypotheses on mechanisms at work are reviewed and further explored in a century-long pacemaker coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation ensemble. [...] Read more.
In this paper, the teleconnections from the tropical Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific region from inter-annual to centennial time scales will be reviewed. Identified teleconnections and hypotheses on mechanisms at work are reviewed and further explored in a century-long pacemaker coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation ensemble. There is a substantial impact of the tropical Atlantic on the Pacific region at inter-annual time scales. An Atlantic Niño (Niña) event leads to rising (sinking) motion in the Atlantic region, which is compensated by sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific. The sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific induces easterly (westerly) surface wind anomalies just to the west, which alter the thermocline. These perturbations propagate eastward as upwelling (downwelling) Kelvin-waves, where they increase the probability for a La Niña (El Niño) event. Moreover, tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies are also able to lead La Niña/El Niño development. At multidecadal time scales, a positive (negative) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation leads to a cooling (warming) of the eastern Pacific and a warming (cooling) of the western Pacific and Indian Ocean regions. The physical mechanism for this impact is similar to that at inter-annual time scales. At centennial time scales, the Atlantic warming induces a substantial reduction of the eastern Pacific warming even under CO2 increase and to a strong subsurface cooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue El Niño Southern Oscillation)
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