Applied Sciences

Review

18 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Research on the Effects of Non-Digestible Carbohydrates on Metabolic Disease

by Saoraya Chanmuang, Quynh-An Nguyen and Hyun-Jin Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3768; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083768 - 08 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2668

Metabolic diseases (MDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes, occur when the body’s normal metabolic processes are disrupted. Behavioral risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and dietary habits are strongly associated with a higher risk of MD. However, scientific evidence strongly suggests [...] Read more.

Metabolic diseases (MDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes, occur when the body’s normal metabolic processes are disrupted. Behavioral risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and dietary habits are strongly associated with a higher risk of MD. However, scientific evidence strongly suggests that balanced, healthy diets containing non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), such as dietary fiber and resistant starch, can reduce the risk of developing MD. In particular, major properties of NDCs, such as water retention, fecal bulking, viscosity, and fermentation in the gut, have been found to be important for reducing the risk of MD by decreasing blood glucose and lipid levels, increasing satiety and insulin sensitivity, and modifying the gut microbiome. Short chain fatty acids produced during the fermentation of NDCs in the gut are mainly responsible for improvement in MD. However, the effects of NDCs are dependent on the type, source, dose, and duration of NDC intake, and some of the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of NDCs on MD remain unclear. In this review, we briefly summarize current studies on the effects of NDCs on MD and discuss potential mechanisms that might contribute to further understanding these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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13 pages, 7038 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Brief Review of Machine Learning-Based Bioactive Compound Research

by Jihye Park, Bo Ram Beck, Hoo Hyun Kim, Sangbum Lee and Keunsoo Kang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062906 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3801

Abstract

Bioactive compounds are often used as initial substances for many therapeutic agents. In recent years, both theoretical and practical innovations in hardware-assisted and fast-evolving machine learning (ML) have made it possible to identify desired bioactive compounds in chemical spaces, such as those in [...] Read more.

Bioactive compounds are often used as initial substances for many therapeutic agents. In recent years, both theoretical and practical innovations in hardware-assisted and fast-evolving machine learning (ML) have made it possible to identify desired bioactive compounds in chemical spaces, such as those in natural products (NPs). This review introduces how machine learning approaches can be used for the identification and evaluation of bioactive compounds. It also provides an overview of recent research trends in machine learning-based prediction and the evaluation of bioactive compounds by listing real-world examples along with various input data. In addition, several ML-based approaches to identify specific bioactive compounds for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are described. Overall, these approaches are important for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds and provide new insights into the machine learning basis for various traditional applications of bioactive compound-related research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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17 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Anti-Cancer Effects of Red-Pigmented Foods: Biomarker Modulation and Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Progression

by Min-Yu Chung, Jin-Taek Hwang, Jangho Lee and Hyo-Kyoung Choi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2584; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052584 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

Cancer is one the most malignant diseases that is a leading cause of death worldwide. Vegetables and fruits contain beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, folates, dietary fibers, and various natural bioactive compounds. These can prevent the pathological processes of many cancers and [...] Read more.

Cancer is one the most malignant diseases that is a leading cause of death worldwide. Vegetables and fruits contain beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, folates, dietary fibers, and various natural bioactive compounds. These can prevent the pathological processes of many cancers and reduce cancer related mortality. Specifically, the anti-cancer effect of vegetables and fruits is largely attributable to the natural bioactive compounds present within them. A lot of bioactive compounds have very specific colors with pigments and the action of them in the human body varies by their color. Red-pigmented foods, such as apples, oranges, tomatoes, cherries, grapes, berries, and red wine, have been widely reported to elicit beneficial effects and have been investigated for their anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties, as well as anti-cancer effect. Most of the anti-cancer effects of bioactive compounds in red-pigmented foods arise from the suppression of cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this review, we assessed publications from the last 10 years and identified 10 bioactive compounds commonly studied in red-pigmented foods: lycopene, anthocyanin, β-carotene, pectin, betaine, rutin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. We focused on the mechanisms and targets underlying the anti-cancer effect of the compounds and provided rationale for further investigation of the compounds to develop more potent anti-cancer treatment methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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30 pages, 5340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Effects of Green-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

by Eunyoung Kim, Jiamei Cui, Guiguo Zhang and Yunkyoung Lee

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041879 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2794

Abstract

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Epidemiological studies strongly highlight various benefits of consuming colorful fruits and vegetables in everyday life. In this review, we aimed to revisit previous studies conducted in the last few decades regarding green-colored [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Epidemiological studies strongly highlight various benefits of consuming colorful fruits and vegetables in everyday life. In this review, we aimed to revisit previous studies conducted in the last few decades regarding green-colored foods and their bioactive compounds in consideration of treating and/or preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review draws a comprehensive summary and assessment of research on the physiological effects of various bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, derived from green-colored fruits and vegetables. In particular, their health-beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and lipid-lowering properties, will be discussed. Furthermore, the bioavailability and significance of action of these bioactive compounds on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases will be discussed in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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20 pages, 1816 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Effects of Red-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

by Soo-yeon Park, Min Ju Park and Ji Yeon Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041786 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1657

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global cause of disease and mortality. CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and other conditions. The most important behavioral risk factors for [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global cause of disease and mortality. CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, and other conditions. The most important behavioral risk factors for heart disease and stroke are diet, physical activity, smoking, and drinking. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome and CVDs. Red-colored foods align with cardiovascular health by protecting the heart and blood vessels. Red fruits and vegetables include tomatoes, strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, cherries, red apples, beets, and pomegranate. In vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, show that the components of red foods demonstrate various potential health benefits against disease. In conclusion, there are many advantages to eating vegetable foods, especially red fruits and vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

27 pages, 5060 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Potential of Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular Disease Treatment

by Chi-Heung Cho, Yu-An Lu, Ming-Yeong Kim, You-Jin Jeon and Sang-Hoon Lee

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031025 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3264

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are closely related to hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Many studies have reported that an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are critical factors that enhance these diseases. Recently, many bioactive compounds isolated from marine seaweeds have been studied [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases are closely related to hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Many studies have reported that an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are critical factors that enhance these diseases. Recently, many bioactive compounds isolated from marine seaweeds have been studied for their benefits in improving human health. In particular, several unique bioactive metabolites such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, carotene, and sterol are the most effective components responsible for these activities. This review summarizes the current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies related to the protective effects of bioactive compounds isolated from seaweeds against cardiovascular disorders, including anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this present review summarizes these concepts and provides a basis for further in-depth research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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25 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Effects of Bioactive Compounds Derived from Whole Grains on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

by Sangwon Chung, Jin-Taek Hwang and Soo-Hyun Park

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020658 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a global health burden with an increasing prevalence. In addition, various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested for the prevention [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases are a global health burden with an increasing prevalence. In addition, various metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested for the prevention or improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Grains are the most widely consumed food worldwide, and the preventive effects of whole grains (e.g., oats, barley, and buckwheat) on metabolic diseases have been reported. The germ and bran of grains are rich in compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, this review describes the characteristics and functions of bioactive ingredients in whole grains, focusing on mechanisms by which polyphenols, antioxidants, and dietary fiber contribute to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, based on preclinical and clinical studies. There is clear evidence for the broad preventive and therapeutic effects of whole grains, supporting the value of early dietary intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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14 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Effects of Green-Colored Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds on Cancer

by Mohammad Al Mijan, Woo-Jin Sim and Tae-Gyu Lim

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11288; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311288 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

Green-colored foods, such as broccoli, sprouts, soybean, and green leafy vegetables are considered one of the representative healthy foods for containing various functional ingredients that can combat chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Herein, we reviewed the anti-cancer activities and the underlying [...] Read more.

Green-colored foods, such as broccoli, sprouts, soybean, and green leafy vegetables are considered one of the representative healthy foods for containing various functional ingredients that can combat chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and cancer. Herein, we reviewed the anti-cancer activities and the underlying mechanisms of some important bioactive compounds, such as sulforaphane, catechins, chlorophyll, isoflavone, indole dervatives, and lutein, present in green-colored foods. In vivo and clinical studies suggest that sulforaphane, a sulfur-containing compound found in cruciferous vegetables, can ameliorate prostate and breast cancer symptoms by arresting cell-cycle progression and modulating Ki67 and HDAC expression. A green tea compound, known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has shown remarkable anti-cancer effects against prostate cancer and lung adenocarcinoma in human trials through its antioxidative defense and immunomodulatory functions. Chlorophyll, a natural pigment found in all green plants, can regulate multiple cancer-related genes, including cyclin D1, CYP1A, CYP1B1, and p53. Epidemiological studies indicate that chlorophyll can substantially reduce aflatoxin level and can mitigate colon cancer in human subjects. Remarkably, the consumption of soy isoflavone has been found to be associated with the lower incidence and mortality of breast and prostate cancers in East Asia and in Canada. In vivo and in vitro data point out that isoflavone has modulatory effects on estrogen and androgen signaling pathways and the expression of MAPK, NfκB, Bcl-2, and PI3K/AKT in different cancer models. Other green food bioactive compounds, such as indole derivatives and lutein, also exhibited suppressing effects in rodent models of lung, liver, stomach, cervical, and prostate cancers. In addition, some micronutrients, such as folate, riboflavin, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 present in green foods, also showed potential cancer suppressing effects. Taken together, these data suggest potential chemopreventive functions of the bioactive compounds from green-colored foods. This paper could be beneficial for further research on the anti-carcinogenic effects of green-colored food-derived compounds, in order to develop green chemotherapeutics for cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

14 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anticancer Effects of Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds

by Heesu Lee, Baskar Selvaraj and Jae Wook Lee

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11261; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311261 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4741

Abstract

Cancer remains a major life-threatening disease worldwide. The development of anticancer drugs using natural products obtained from marine organisms has been proposed as an alternative approach. Seaweeds are the mainstay of marine ecosystems; therefore, they are highly enriched with diverse bioactive compounds. In [...] Read more.

Cancer remains a major life-threatening disease worldwide. The development of anticancer drugs using natural products obtained from marine organisms has been proposed as an alternative approach. Seaweeds are the mainstay of marine ecosystems; therefore, they are highly enriched with diverse bioactive compounds. In the past decade, a vast number of natural compounds, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, and terpenoids, have been isolated from seaweeds. Seaweeds have bioactive compounds that show cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines. These compounds prevent tumor growth by inducing apoptotic cell death and arrest growth by interfering with different kinases and cell cycle pathways. This review discussed the anticancer properties of various bioactive compounds isolated from different types of seaweeds and their therapeutic potential against cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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22 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Piper sarmentosum on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Complications: A Review of Preclinical Evidence

by Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku, Mohd Fahami Nur Azlina and Kok-Yong Chin

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9860; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219860 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2656

Abstract

Piper sarmentosum (PS) is a traditional medicinal herb used by South East Asians. It demonstrates promising properties against various non-communicable diseases and infectious agents due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Given that oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in developing and exacerbating [...] Read more.

Piper sarmentosum (PS) is a traditional medicinal herb used by South East Asians. It demonstrates promising properties against various non-communicable diseases and infectious agents due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Given that oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in developing and exacerbating metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its principal components (central obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia), PS could manage MetS and its complications. This review summarises the available literature on the effects of PS on principal components of MetS and their complications. The accumulated evidence suggests that PS prevented adiposity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia in preclinical studies mainly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It also protected against MetS-associated cardiovascular complications. This review has identified research gaps in this field and suggested future studies to guide interested researchers to explore further or affirm the therapeutic potential of PS. One of the most significant challenges to the medical use of PS is the absence of randomised controlled trials in humans. This study gap must be bridged before PS supplementation could be used to manage MetS in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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