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Applied Sciences
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Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition
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Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2025 | Viewed by 6712

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marcin Maciejczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
Interests: sport physiology; exercise physiology; cardiopulmonary exercise testing; exercise testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Przemysław Bujas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Sports, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
Interests: kinesiology; balance; co-ordination; sports training; exercise testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Physical training results in biochemical, physiological and morphological changes that lead to improvements in exercise performance. It is used not only in competitive sports, but also in recreation or by people with various medical conditions to improve their exercise capacity. Depending on the type of training, it leads to improvements in endurance, strength, speed, coordination, balance and flexibility. In recent years, many new training protocols have been proposed, often combined with physical factors or new training devices. Advanced physical training also incorporates environmental factors (e.g., hypoxia or temperature) to maximize an athlete's exercise capacity. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of different training protocols on components of physical fitness and sport-specific performance, both in professional sports and in recreationally physically active people, as well as in sick and disabled people in whom physical training can recover appropriate levels of performance.

Prof. Dr. Marcin Maciejczyk
Dr. Przemysław Bujas
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • training
  • sport
  • health
  • fitness
  • aerobic performance
  • anaerobic performance
  • strength
  • endurance
  • power
  • intensity
  • speed
  • balance
  • physical capacity
  • co-ordination
  • hypoxia
  • plyometrics
  • interval training

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 238 KiB  
Article
Shape of the Sagittal Curvatures of the Spine in Young Female Volleyball Players
by Ewa Puszczalowska-Lizis, Wioletta Mikulakova, Patrycja Fitas and Sabina Lizis
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10142; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210142 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Background: The issue of the relation betweeen training loads on the shape of the spine of young players is of significant importance, as with the advancement of training seniority, unfavorable changes may be perpetuated resulting in possible consequences in the next stages of [...] Read more.
Background: The issue of the relation betweeen training loads on the shape of the spine of young players is of significant importance, as with the advancement of training seniority, unfavorable changes may be perpetuated resulting in possible consequences in the next stages of ontogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the formation of the sagittal curvatures of the spine in girls practicing volleyball versus their nonpractising peers. Methods: We examined 60 girls aged 10–13 years, including 30 volleyball players and 30 untrained peers. The Baseline Bubble inclinometer was applied as a research. The data were analyzed based on Mann–Whitney U test and Pearson Chi-square test. Results. There were statistically significant intergroup differences in lumbar lordosis curvature values (Z = −2.67; p = 0.007). The prevalence of correctness values of the thoracic kyphosis curvature, was group-dependent (χ2(1) = 4.34; p = 0.037). Group also determined the prevalence of lumbar lordosis normalities (χ2(1) = 5.41; p = 0.020). Conclusions. Volleyball has a beneficial effect on the formation of the thoracic kyphosis, while the lumbar lordosis is shallowed under the influence of training. This indicates the need for a holistic approach to player training and the need to supplement the technique and tactics training with exercises to strengthen the muscles that stabilize the lumbar spine, improve spinal mobility, learn how to control the anterior tilt of the pelvis and train the fascia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition)
10 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Differences in Diet Assessment and Body Composition among Young Spanish Elite Footballers: Morning Training vs. Evening Training
by Antonio Almendros-Ruiz, Jose Antonio Latorre, Javier Conde-Pipó, José Fernández-Martínez, Darío Acuña-Castroviejo, Bernardo Requena and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8787; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198787 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 694
Abstract
The training schedule is a factor that influences sports performance optimization. In a sport like soccer, there is often significant disparity in training schedules among different teams within the same club, without considering whether this may affect players’ performance. The aim of this [...] Read more.
The training schedule is a factor that influences sports performance optimization. In a sport like soccer, there is often significant disparity in training schedules among different teams within the same club, without considering whether this may affect players’ performance. The aim of this study was to describe differences in nutrient intake and body composition in elite youth soccer players from the Spanish league with different training schedules (morning and evening). A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine differences in anthropometric variables and dietary assessment in a sample of Spanish young soccer players. A total of 41 players participated in this study. After comparing the groups according to their training schedule, no differences were observed in body composition between both groups; the evening-night training group showed higher consumption of lipids and saturated fats. In summary, more experimental studies are needed to determine the effects on various health and performance parameters of different training schedules in young population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition)
11 pages, 561 KiB  
Article
Relationship of Vitamin D Status with Biomarkers of Muscle Damage and Body Composition in Spanish Elite Female Football Players: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Agustin Mora-Fernandez, Julia Peinado Rojas, Nuria Gimenez-Blasi, Javier Conde-Pipó, Jose Antonio Latorre and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146349 - 21 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1304
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in relation to the female athlete, especially in widespread disciplines such as football. Concerns about vitamin D deficiency status have recently been considered due to its effects on the performance and health status of female footballers. [...] Read more.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in relation to the female athlete, especially in widespread disciplines such as football. Concerns about vitamin D deficiency status have recently been considered due to its effects on the performance and health status of female footballers. However, its relationship to body composition and muscle damage in female football athletes remains unclear to date. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the association of the vitamin D status of Spanish elite female football players with anthropometric variables and markers of muscle damage. Ethical consent was obtained from a total of 21 players from a Spanish elite women’s football team (20–33 years). Anthropometric analysis was carried out according to the standardised protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry (ISAK). The clinical analyses, based on urine and blood samples, were carried out by the club’s medical staff at the start of the season in the early morning in a fasting state. The athletes were also asked about the regularity of their menstrual cycle and some dietary habits. Thirty-three percent of the female athletes had vitamin D levels below the reference values. Significantly higher FM values were observed in athletes with low vitamin D status (p < 0.05), as well as statistically significant negative correlations between vitamin D levels and FM (p < 0.05) in the group of female players with vitamin D levels below the baseline values. No significant associations were observed between markers of muscle damage and the other variables. Complementing an assessment of body composition with a biochemical analysis of vitamin D levels may be an interesting strategy in the process of monitoring the elite female football player throughout the season. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1386 KiB  
Article
Changes in Countermovement Jump Height in Elite Volleyball Players in Two Competitive Seasons: Consideration on the Technique of Execution of the Jump
by Sebastian Masel and Marcin Maciejczyk
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114463 - 23 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Monitoring athletes’ well-being during the competitive season is a common practice in team sports, and countermovement jump (CMJ) is often introduced to monitor neuromuscular fatigue of the players. In this pilot observational study, we aimed to evaluate changes in jump performance in professional [...] Read more.
Monitoring athletes’ well-being during the competitive season is a common practice in team sports, and countermovement jump (CMJ) is often introduced to monitor neuromuscular fatigue of the players. In this pilot observational study, we aimed to evaluate changes in jump performance in professional volleyball players during their two competitive seasons after introducing different executions of the jump test. Different execution of the flight phase of the jumps was introduced as a differentiating factor. Nine professional volleyball players (age: 23.3 ± 1.9 years; volleyball training experience: 10.4 ± 1.9 years; body height: 192.3 ± 8.3) performed CMJ measurements 1–2 times a week on a contact mat during two competitive seasons, and a total number of 1008 jumps (540 in season 1 and 468 in season 2) was collected. Players’ CMJ height significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in season 2 by approximately 4%, and standard deviation of the data reduced by approximately 30%. Our study confirms that the testing procedures need to be rigorous as different execution of the jump may be associated with changes in CMJ height. Execution of the jump should not be interchangeable using the same measurement device, and the technique introduced in season 2 seems to be more appropriate for this measurement device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition)
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Review

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13 pages, 445 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Protocols on Vertical Jumps: Systematic Review
by Krzysztof Kasicki, Łukasz Rydzik, Tadeusz Ambroży, Michał Spieszny and Piotr Koteja
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9664; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219664 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Background: The post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol is frequently utilized to enhance athletic performance through high-intensity stimuli. Despite its popularity, the effectiveness and mechanisms of PAPE remain unclear, particularly in the context of improving jump performance in sports. Methods: A systematic review was [...] Read more.
Background: The post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocol is frequently utilized to enhance athletic performance through high-intensity stimuli. Despite its popularity, the effectiveness and mechanisms of PAPE remain unclear, particularly in the context of improving jump performance in sports. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO up to 31 March 2024. Results: Initially, 481 studies were identified, of which 8 were finally included, involving a varied number of participants, each focusing on the impact of PAPE on jump performance. These studies predominantly indicated that PAPE protocols can lead to short-term improvements in jump performance. Two publications demonstrated a positive effect on jump height, and one of them reported a questionable effect on jump height in the initial time period, while the remaining five publications showed a positive impact on jump performance. The average increase in height achieved based on the intervention from the publications was 4.03% (p < 0.05). Variability in effectiveness was noted depending on the type of exercises used in the activation phase, timing of performance post activation, and individual physiological characteristics. Conclusions: PAPE protocols can effectively enhance jump performance in athletic populations, although outcomes vary based on protocol specifics and individual differences. These findings support the need for individualized approaches in the application of PAPE protocols to optimize athletic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Training on Exercise Performance—2nd Edition)
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