Innovative and Translational Antibiosis Approaches to Tackling Protozoan Parasites: Synergy, Drug Repurposing, Natural Products, Molecular Targets, and Therapeutic Design

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2026 | Viewed by 668

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
Interests: parasitic diseases; vaccines; immunology of infectious diseases
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Protozoan neglected diseases, such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, amebiasis, and giardiasis, remain a major global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare. A critical limitation in current therapies is the increasing resistance of protozoan parasites to available drugs, together with frequent therapeutic failures, reflecting the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this Special Issue will highlight strategies that directly address antiparasitic drug resistance, advancing the wider efforts against antimicrobial resistance but in the specific context of protozoan pathogens. This Special Issue will focus on novel therapeutic approaches to tackling protozoan parasites, emphasizing synergistic drug combinations, the repurposing of clinically approved compounds, natural products with antiparasitic activity, and the rational design of new chemical entities. We also welcome studies on molecular targets and mechanisms of action, as well as contributions exploring structure–activity relationships and omics-driven discoveries. We especially welcome manuscripts addressing beneficial microorganisms and probiotic-based interventions, which represent a promising frontier in antiparasitic therapy through the modulation of host–parasite interactions and the enhancement of immune responses. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo models will be considered, including studies that connect molecular insights with translational applications. By integrating drug repurposing, natural compound discovery, synergistic strategies, microbial therapies, and therapeutic design, this Special Issue will provide a comprehensive platform for advancing antibiosis research and developing safer, more effective treatments against protozoan neglected diseases.

Dr. Leonardo Acuña
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • drug repurposing for neglected tropical diseases
  • natural products with antiparasitic activity
  • synergistic drug combinations
  • molecular targets and mechanisms of action

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

24 pages, 3344 KB  
Article
Repurposing Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Leishmaniasis: Donepezil Hydrochloride and Related Compounds Against the American Tegumentary Form
by Daniela E. Barraza, Emilse N. Araoz, María A. Occhionero, Daniela A. Gaspar, Eliana G. Guevara, María E. Vázquez, Brenda A. Zabala, Paola A. Barroso, Cecilia Pérez Brandán, Carlos J. Minahk and Leonardo Acuña
Antibiotics 2025, 14(12), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14121182 - 21 Nov 2025
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Background/Objective: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options characterized by high toxicity and poor tolerability. Drug repurpose offers a pragmatic strategy to accelerate the development of safer treatments. This study evaluated the antileishmanial activity of three clinically approved [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options characterized by high toxicity and poor tolerability. Drug repurpose offers a pragmatic strategy to accelerate the development of safer treatments. This study evaluated the antileishmanial activity of three clinically approved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors—donepezil hydrochloride (DH), rivastigmine tartrate (RT), and galantamine hydrobromide (GH), tested individually and in combination with amphotericin B (AmpB) against Leishmania species relevant to tegumentary leishmaniasis. Methods: Antileishmanial activity was assessed against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mammalian cell lines. The synergy with AmpB was analyzed at different proportions. Mechanistic studies included morphological analysis using light and scanning electron microscopy, flow cytometry, AChE activity assays, choline supplementation experiments, and membrane fluidity measurements. Results: All three AChE inhibitors demonstrated antileishmanial activity with selectivity indices > 1. DH emerged as the most promising candidate (IC50 = 16.82 μM against promastigotes; SI = 10.25), with superior potency compared to other repurposed drugs. Strong synergistic interactions with AmpB were observed for all inhibitors (χΣFIC ≤ 0.17), with DH-AmpB displaying the most robust synergy (χΣFIC = 0.09), reducing the IC 50 of AmpB by nearly 90-fold. DH induced distinct morphological alterations and acted through non-cholinergic mechanisms. The DH-AmpB combination retained maximal efficacy against L. (V.) braziliensis, with enhanced activity against clinically relevant amastigotes. Conclusions: Repurposed AChE inhibitors, particularly donepezil hydrochloride, are highly promising therapeutic candidates for tegumentary leishmaniasis. The robust synergistic effect with amphotericin B, together with their favorable safety profiles and non-antimicrobial mechanisms, positions these drugs as viable partners in dose-sparing combination regimens that could improve treatment adherence and reduce toxicity in endemic areas. Full article
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