Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in the Food Chain: Detection Gaps and Mitigation Strategies

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics in Animal Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 2803

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Portugal
Interests: bacterial infections; biofilm; virulence; antimicrobial resistance; Escherichia coli; gene expression; probiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Azores Biotechnology Center (CBA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
Interests: diagnosis of pathogens; biofilms; biomedical engineering; clinical and forensic analytical toxicology; development of methodologies; virulence of microorganisms
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Guest Editor Assistant
INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vairão, Portugal
Interests: antimicrobial resistance (AMR); food chain contamination; AMR surveillance; foodborne pathogens; detection methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to pose an escalating threat to global public health, with the food chain serving as a key pathway for the transmission of resistant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from animals to humans. This Special Issue explores whether current surveillance and detection methods are sufficiently sensitive and robust to address the full complexity of AMR dynamics across the food production chain, from farm to fork, while also critically evaluating the strategies available to mitigate these risks.

This research topic encompasses studies examining the strengths and limitations of conventional microbiological assays, molecular diagnostics, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and metagenomic approaches. In particular, we aim to identify gaps in detection thresholds, sample representativeness, and cross-sector data harmonization that currently hinder effective monitoring.

In parallel, this Issue places strong emphasis on mitigation strategies needed to reduce AMR emergence and transmission through the food chain. This includes

  • Implementing integrated One Health surveillance systems to link human, animal, and environmental data;
  • Reducing antimicrobial use in agriculture and livestock through stewardship programs, regulatory controls, and alternatives such as vaccines, bacteriophages, aptamers, prebiotics and probiotics, essential oils, among other strategies;
  • Improving biosecurity and sanitation across all stages of food production and processing;
  • Investing in scalable, rapid diagnostic technologies for real-time detection of resistance.

In this context, this publication aims to support the advancement of effective, science-based approaches to AMR monitoring and mitigation. Ultimately, it seeks to inform stronger risk assessment frameworks, support global coordination, and enhance the early detection and control of antimicrobial resistance in the food chain.

Dr. Joana Castro
Dr. António Machado
Guest Editors

Dr. Ricardo Oliveira
Guest Editor Assistant

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Keywords

  • antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
  • foodborne pathogens
  • surveillance
  • detection methods
  • mitigation strategies
  • One Health

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 1711 KB  
Article
Phenotypic and Genomic Profiling of Escherichia coli from Irish Raw Milk and Raw Milk Products: A Baseline Study
by Deirdre M. Prendergast, Marian Teeling, Daniel Kelly, Saibh Healy, Gillian Madigan, Sinéad Murphy, Amalia Naranjo-Lucena and Montserrat Gutierrez
Antibiotics 2026, 15(4), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15040326 - 24 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous commensal organism in humans, animals, and the environment, but certain strains harbour virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that can cause significant disease. Food-producing animals, including dairy cattle, may act as reservoirs for AMR E. coli [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Escherichia coli is a ubiquitous commensal organism in humans, animals, and the environment, but certain strains harbour virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that can cause significant disease. Food-producing animals, including dairy cattle, may act as reservoirs for AMR E. coli, and raw milk and raw milk products can serve as potential exposure pathways to humans. However, data on the prevalence and genomic characteristics of AMR E. coli in raw milk in Ireland are limited. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of commensal and clinically relevant AMR E. coli in raw milk and raw milk dairy products in Ireland and to characterise their antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics. Methods: A total of 139 raw milk and raw milk dairy product samples were collected and analysed for commensal E. coli and fluoroquinolone-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing E. coli. AMR patterns were determined in line with EU surveillance guidelines based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines which use minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted on selected isolates to identify AMR genes (ARG), virulence factors, plasmid replicons, efflux pump, disinfectant resistance genes, multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs) and phylogenetic diversity. Results: A total of forty-seven E. coli isolates were recovered (33.8% isolation rate). Thirteen isolates exhibited resistance to between two and nine antimicrobials, with twelve classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). The highest resistance frequencies were to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and tetracycline. Four fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, one ESBL producer (blaCTX-M-3), and one carrying a AmpC promoter mutation were identified; no carbapenemase producers were detected. WGS revealed diverse sequence types, multiple virulence determinants, plasmid replicons, intrinsic efflux pump genes, and limited presence of the disinfectant resistance gene qacEΔ1. Conclusions: Raw milk and raw milk dairy products in Ireland can harbour AMR E. coli, including MDR and potentially pathogenic strains, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance within the dairy supply chain. Full article
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Review

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33 pages, 2100 KB  
Review
Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain: Bridging Knowledge Gaps for Effective Detection and Control
by Emílio Gomes, Tomás Gonçalves Mesquita, Patrícia Serra, Daniela Araújo, Carina Almeida, António Machado, Ricardo Oliveira and Joana Castro
Antibiotics 2026, 15(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15030262 - 3 Mar 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global public health threat, with the food chain serving as a significant transmission route connecting animals, environment, and humans. This review adopts a One Health perspective to analyze the key drivers of AMR dissemination across animal agriculture, [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global public health threat, with the food chain serving as a significant transmission route connecting animals, environment, and humans. This review adopts a One Health perspective to analyze the key drivers of AMR dissemination across animal agriculture, aquaculture and food processing. We evaluate detection methodologies, contrasting the regulatory gold standard of culture-based phenotypic testing with rapid molecular advancements, including Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), metagenomics, and emerging CRISPR-Cas diagnostics. While molecular tools offer unprecedented speed and resolution, challenges such as matrix interference, the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, and the genotype-phenotype disconnect remain. Finally, integrated mitigation strategies are also described, ranging from on-farm antimicrobial stewardship and innovative biofilm control to consumer hygiene practices. It is essential to bridge the technical and regulatory gaps in AMR surveillance in order to develop effective interventions and ensure a safer food system. Full article
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