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Animals
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Trace Minerals in Livestock Production
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Trace Minerals in Livestock Production

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 29896

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stephanie Hansen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: trace mineral nutrition of livestock; improving feed efficiency of cattle

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Trace minerals support a variety of critical biological processes, including immune function, reproduction, and growth. In addition to classically understood functions of trace minerals, new roles for these small but mighty components of animal diets are being identified all the time. For example, both copper and zinc are now known to influence cell signaling pathways through their effects on cyclic AMP concentrations. Continued refinement of our understanding of the trace mineral requirements of production livestock is needed, as deficiencies are detrimental to production efficiency, and excess is potentially detrimental to the environment.

This Special Issue invites original research, reviews, and short communications on the roles of trace minerals in livestock production. In particular, research regarding the movement toward more precise supplementation of trace minerals to livestock is of interest. Additionally, research exploring the cellular functions of trace minerals and subsequent implications for livestock production is invited.

Dr. Stephanie Hansen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • trace minerals
  • copper
  • cobalt
  • zinc
  • iron
  • manganese
  • selenium
  • growth
  • health

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 757 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Trace Mineral Injection on Performance and Trace Mineral Status of Beef Cows and Calves
by Carmen J. Willmore, John B. Hall and Mary E. Drewnoski
Animals 2021, 11(8), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082331 - 7 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3108
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of an injectable trace mineral (TMI; Multimin 90) containing copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) on trace mineral status and the resulting impacts on reproduction of beef cows and the growth of their [...] Read more.
The objective was to determine the effects of an injectable trace mineral (TMI; Multimin 90) containing copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) on trace mineral status and the resulting impacts on reproduction of beef cows and the growth of their calves. Beef cows (n = 200) were assigned to receive TMI or no injection (CON) prior to calving and breeding over two consecutive years. Calves born to cows receiving TMI also received TMI at birth in both years and at 49 ± 1.3 days of age in year 1. The TMI increased (p = 0.01) liver Zn and tended (p = 0.06) to increase liver Cu concentrations. Short-lived effects of TMI on Se were observed. Liver Cu and Zn would have been considered adequate and Se marginal in the CON. Pregnancy due to artificial insemination and overall pregnancy rate did not differ (p ≥ 0.36) between treatments. Use of TMI did not increase calf pre-weaning gain. These data indicate that TMI does not improve the reproductive performance of beef cows with adequate trace mineral status or the pre-weaning performance of their calves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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17 pages, 1512 KiB  
Article
Anabolic Implants Varying in Hormone Type and Concentration Influence Performance, Feeding Behavior, Carcass Characteristics, Plasma Trace Mineral Concentrations, and Liver Trace Mineral Concentrations of Angus Sired Steers
by Caleb C. Reichhardt, Elizabeth M. Messersmith, Tevan J. Brady, Laura A. Motsinger, Reganne K. Briggs, Brett R. Bowman, Stephanie L. Hansen and Kara J. Thornton
Animals 2021, 11(7), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071964 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3767
Abstract
Fifty Angus-sired steers were utilized to evaluate the effects of anabolic implants varying in hormone type and concentration on performance, carcass traits, and plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations over 129 d. Steers were stratified by weight into one of four (n [...] Read more.
Fifty Angus-sired steers were utilized to evaluate the effects of anabolic implants varying in hormone type and concentration on performance, carcass traits, and plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations over 129 d. Steers were stratified by weight into one of four (n = 12 or 13/treatment) implant treatments: (1) estradiol (E2; 25.7 mg E2; Compudose, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), (2) trenbolone acetate (TBA; 200 mg TBA; Finaplix-H, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA), (3) combination implant (ETBA; 120 mg TBA + 24 mg E2; Revalor-S, Merck Animal Health), or (4) no implant (CON). Steers were randomly assigned to pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks and fed a corn and barley-based finishing ration. Overall average daily gain and body weight were greater for ETBA and TBA than CON (p ≤ 0.04), but not E2 (p ≥ 0.12). Feed efficiency and hot carcass weight were only greater than CON for ETBA (p ≤ 0.03). Plasma and d 2 liver Zn concentrations were lesser for ETBA than CON (p ≤ 0.01) and d 10 liver Mn was lesser (p = 0.0003) for TBA than CON. These data indicate that implants containing TBA influence growth and trace mineral parameters, though more work investigating this relationship is necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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13 pages, 3256 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Chelation Process on the Stability of Organic Trace Mineral Supplements Used in Animal Nutrition
by Laurann Byrne, Michael J. Hynes, Cathal D. Connolly and Richard A. Murphy
Animals 2021, 11(6), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061730 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5075
Abstract
The effect of the chelation process on the pH-dependent stability of organic trace minerals (OTMs) used as mineral supplements in animal nutrition was assessed using analytical techniques such as potentiometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIRS) and amino acid profiling. The aim was to [...] Read more.
The effect of the chelation process on the pH-dependent stability of organic trace minerals (OTMs) used as mineral supplements in animal nutrition was assessed using analytical techniques such as potentiometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIRS) and amino acid profiling. The aim was to understand the influence and relative importance of the manufacturing conditions on mineral chelation and the subsequent pH stability of OTMs. A selection of OTMs were assessed over a wide pH range to account for the typical environmental changes encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the case of proteinate type products, the potentiometric assessment of free mineral concentration indicated that the hydrolysis procedure used to generate the chelating peptides was the major influencer of the pH stability of the products. Many products are available under the umbrella term “OTMs”, including amino acid complexes, amino acid chelates, polysaccharide complexes and proteinates. Significant differences in the pH-dependent stability of a range of commercially available OTMs were observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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Review

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20 pages, 630 KiB  
Review
Trace Mineral Nutrition of Grazing Beef Cattle
by John D. Arthington and Juliana Ranches
Animals 2021, 11(10), 2767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102767 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4929
Abstract
The trace mineral requirements of grazing beef cattle are often complicated by different environmental factors, such as the lack of specific trace minerals or the presence of trace mineral antagonists in forage. Nearly every region of the world has specific implications related to [...] Read more.
The trace mineral requirements of grazing beef cattle are often complicated by different environmental factors, such as the lack of specific trace minerals or the presence of trace mineral antagonists in forage. Nearly every region of the world has specific implications related to trace mineral nutrition of grazing cattle. Since forage is the most significant contributor to trace mineral nutrition, it is important to consider the concentrations of trace minerals and antagonists and how they may impact the performance of cattle consuming them. This review attempts to provide an update on the trace minerals commonly found to be inadequate in forage, supplementation strategies to address deficiency including a discussion on supplemental trace mineral source, and the complications presented by mineral antagonists. Although the review focuses on beef cattle grazing systems of the United States, the information herein is derived from both extensive native range and intensive planted pasture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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9 pages, 231 KiB  
Review
Influence of Molybdenum in Drinking Water or Feed on Copper Metabolism in Cattle—A Review
by Meghan P. Thorndyke, Octavio Guimaraes, Maddie J. Kistner, John J. Wagner and Terry E. Engle
Animals 2021, 11(7), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072083 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4124
Abstract
The majority of Mo research has focused on the antagonist effect of Mo, alone or in combination with elevated dietary S, on Cu absorption and metabolism in ruminants. Diets containing both >5.0 mg of Mo/kg DM and >0.33% S have been reported to [...] Read more.
The majority of Mo research has focused on the antagonist effect of Mo, alone or in combination with elevated dietary S, on Cu absorption and metabolism in ruminants. Diets containing both >5.0 mg of Mo/kg DM and >0.33% S have been reported to reduce the Cu status in cattle and sheep. Therefore, due to the potential for inducing Cu deficiency, Mo and S concentrations in the diet should be monitored and kept within appropriate values. Elevated sulfate concentrations in drinking water can also be detrimental to livestock production, especially in ruminants. High concentrations of sulfate in water have been extensively studied in cattle because high-sulfate water induces polioencephalomalacia in ruminants. However, little research has been conducted investigating the impact of Mo in water on Cu metabolism in ruminants. Based on the limited number of published experiments, it appears that Mo in drinking water may have a lower antagonistic impact on the Cu status in cattle when compared to Mo consumed in the diet. This response may be due to a certain percentage of water bypassing the rumen when consumed by ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this review was to examine the impact of Mo in drinking water on cattle performance and Mo and Cu metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
20 pages, 654 KiB  
Review
The Crossroads between Zinc and Steroidal Implant-Induced Growth of Beef Cattle
by Elizabeth M. Messersmith, Dathan T. Smerchek and Stephanie L. Hansen
Animals 2021, 11(7), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071914 - 27 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2412
Abstract
Growth-promoting technologies such as steroidal implants have been utilized in the beef industry for over 60 years and remain an indispensable tool for improving economic returns through consistently improved average daily gain via increased skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Zinc has been implicated in skeletal [...] Read more.
Growth-promoting technologies such as steroidal implants have been utilized in the beef industry for over 60 years and remain an indispensable tool for improving economic returns through consistently improved average daily gain via increased skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Zinc has been implicated in skeletal muscle growth through protein synthesis, satellite cell function, and many other growth processes. Therefore, the objective of this review was to present the available literature linking Zn to steroidal implant-induced protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Herein, steroidal implants and their mode of action, the biological importance of Zn, and several connections between steroidal implants and Zn related to growth processes are discussed. These include the influence of Zn on hormone receptor signaling, circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis via mTOR, and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Supplemental Zn has also been implicated in improved growth rates of cattle utilizing growth-promoting technologies, and steroidal implants appear to alter liver and circulating Zn concentrations. Therefore, this review provides evidence of the role of Zn in steroidal implant-induced growth yet reveals gaps in the current knowledge base related to optimizing Zn supplementation strategies to best capture growth performance improvements offered through steroidal implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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Other

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13 pages, 292 KiB  
Commentary
Selenium and Vitamin E Concentrations in Miranda Jennies and Foals (Equus asinus) in Northeast Portugal
by Miguel Quaresma, Carmen Marín, Daniel Bacellar, Miguel Nóvoa, Francisco Javier Navas and Amy McLean
Animals 2021, 11(6), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061772 - 14 Jun 2021
Viewed by 4132
Abstract
The increase in donkeys treated by practitioners in recent years has led to an increased interest in finding more information on basic biochemical preliminary reference values. The aims of this study were to measure Se and Vit E levels in plasma from Miranda [...] Read more.
The increase in donkeys treated by practitioners in recent years has led to an increased interest in finding more information on basic biochemical preliminary reference values. The aims of this study were to measure Se and Vit E levels in plasma from Miranda jennies peripartum and postpartum and in their foals to compare blood profiles of the jenny and foal related to the overall foal’s health. Twenty-two healthy peripartum and postpartum Miranda donkeys were sampled (12 jennies and 10 foals) in the northeast of Portugal (Atenor and Paradela) from May to November, 2018. Amounts of selenium in soil were significantly correlated (0.97) to concentrations of selenium in jennies (42.412 μg/L in Atenor and 9.612 μg/L in Paradela) and foals (19.378 μg/L in Atenor and 6.430 μg/L in Paradela). Selenium levels were lower in foals than adults and in males than females. Vitamin E was associated with overall foal health. Foals with a mean vitamin E of 3.585–5.307 mg/L showed signs of weakness, but carpal flexural deformities were observed when the average vitamin E was 11.520 mg/L. Low vitamin E levels (5.307 mg/L) in jennies were related to foal mortality. Diets, location, parity, and age affect blood profiles of jennies and, ultimately, foal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Minerals in Livestock Production)
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