Working Equids: Welfare, Health and Behavior

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Welfare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 April 2026 | Viewed by 1504

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
2. Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
Interests: equine internal and sports medicine; horse behavior and welfare; animal transport; equitation science; human-animal interaction; animal welfare science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Interests: biomedical infrared spectroscopy; equine welfare; large animal transport; biomarkers for osteoarthritis; humoural and neonatal immunity; equine-related injury; antimicrobial resistance; large animal surgery

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
Interests: equine internal medicine; veterinary; ophthalmic diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Working equids—such as donkeys, mules, and working horses—are indispensable to the livelihoods of millions of people around the world. Despite their vital roles in transport, agriculture, and daily subsistence activities, their health, welfare, and behavioral needs are often under-recognized and underserved. Ensuring the well-being of these animals requires a thorough understanding of the physical, psychological, and social challenges they face in diverse working environments.

We are pleased to invite you to submit original research articles, critical reviews, and commentaries addressing the welfare, health, and behavior of working equids. Particular attention will be given to the interaction between human care practices and the biological and behavioral needs of these animals across various geographic, cultural, and economic contexts.

Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: welfare assessment, access to veterinary care, working conditions, behavioral indicators of stress and pain, human–animal interaction, environmental and management factors, and community-based approaches to improving equid welfare.

We look forward to receiving your valuable contributions, which will help improve the lives of working equids globally.

Dr. Barbara Padalino
Prof. Dr. Christopher Riley
Prof. Dr. Anna May
Guest Editors

Beatrice Benedetti E-mail
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Interests: equid welfare and behavior; pain recognition and management; equitation science; animal welfare

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • working equids
  • carriage horses
  • donkey welfare
  • mule health
  • equine behavior
  • human–animal interaction
  • veterinary care
  • sustainable development

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

29 pages, 3006 KB  
Review
Systematic Literature Review on Donkeys (Equus asinus): Husbandry and Welfare in Europe
by Naod Thomas Masebo, Beatrice Benedetti, Maria Gaia Angeloni, Leonie Lee, Daniele Bigi and Barbara Padalino
Animals 2025, 15(19), 2768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192768 - 23 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1334
Abstract
The number of donkeys in Europe has significantly declined in recent decades due to mechanization; however, recently, the demand for donkey milk and other purposes has led to a slight increase in their population. However, information on how they are kept and managed, [...] Read more.
The number of donkeys in Europe has significantly declined in recent decades due to mechanization; however, recently, the demand for donkey milk and other purposes has led to a slight increase in their population. However, information on how they are kept and managed, and their welfare is limited. This review aimed to explore the husbandry, management, and welfare of donkeys (Equus asinus) across European Union member states, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique was used. The search was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science, identifying 797 records that were screened using titles, keywords, and abstracts, resulting in 78 retained records. An additional 19 records were identified using snowballing and experts’ suggestions, bringing the total to 97. Dairy donkeys have been studied mainly in Italy, and there they are usually managed under extensive to semi-intensive husbandry systems. Donkeys involved in human intervention therapies are generally managed semi-intensively. Based on the literature, most donkeys are provided with shelter and outdoor access, and this can be with or without pasture, except the free-range donkeys that graze year-round. Health and management-related issues (e.g., obesity, dental disorders, and hoof disorders) could be overlooked, potentially compromising their welfare. The feeding management of donkeys is generally traditional and poorly studied, relying mainly on forages supplemented with concentrates. Most donkeys suffer from overweight/obesity except for lactating donkeys, which are often underweight. This may indicate unbalanced feeding practices. Improved understanding of housing and feeding management is essential for establishing evidence-based welfare guidelines tailored to the donkeys’ species-specific needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working Equids: Welfare, Health and Behavior)
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