The Psychology of Employee Motivation

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Management and Leadership, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ 07764,USA
Interests: incentives in organizations; tangible incentives; high-end merchandise; travel

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Firms care a great deal about getting the best from their employees, however they tend to focus on the carrot or the stick. This focus has led to, what psychologist Harvey Levinson called, the great Jackass fallacy (Levinson, 1973).  While he coined this term in 1973, not much has changed in the literature on motivation.  Most managers still seem to believe that money and the threat of punishment are the best motivators. Much research in the last 20 years has challenged these assumptions, yet these ideas refuse to evolve.

Anecdotal evidence exists everywhere, as most employees perform well when they feel valued by the company and not necessarily payment for services or the removal of something negative. Looking at Fortune’s best companies to work for, over 90% of employees say the following:

  • When you join the company, you are made to feel welcome;
  • Management is honest and ethical in its business practices;
  • I'm proud to tell others I work here;
  • I am able to take time off from work when I think it's necessary;
  • I feel good about the ways we contribute to the community;
  • I am treated as a full member here regardless of my position.

None of these statements mention pecuniary rewards or punishments, yet conventional wisdom still puts a lot of weight on these two mechanisms.

This Special Issue calls for papers that add psychological ideas to the science of motivation.  While papers do not need to specifically challenge prevailing views about motivation, consider this an invitation to look past the carrot and stick.  

Relevant theoretical perspectives may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Employee commitment;
  • Employee engagement;
  • Exchange theory;
  • Perceived organizational support;
  • Organizational rewards;
  • Incentives;
  • Pay;
  • Recognition;
  • Non-cash incentives and rewards.

Abstract Submission Deadline: 15 October 2024

Notification of Abstract Acceptance: 15 December 2024

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200–500 words summarizing their intended contribution. Please send it to the Guest Editors (sjeffrey@monmouth.edu) or to the Administrative Sciences Editorial Office (admsci@mdpi.com). Abstracts will be reviewed by the Guest Editors for the purposes of ensuring proper fit within the scope of the Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo a double-blind peer review.

Dr. Scott A. Jeffrey
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Administrative Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • employee commitment
  • employee engagement
  • exchange theory
  • perceived organizational support
  • organizational rewards
  • incentives
  • pay
  • recognition
  • non-cash incentives and rewards

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 275 KB  
Article
The Impact of Inclusive Leadership on Employee Innovative Behavior: The Chain Mediating Role of Employee Positive Emotions and Creative Self-Efficacy
by Jiahui He and Delong Li
Adm. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci16020084 - 8 Feb 2026
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Employee innovative behavior is an important source of organizational competitiveness and sustainable development. Accordingly, increasing scholarly attention has been directed toward how leadership behaviors are associated with employees’ innovative actions. Drawing on Affective Events Theory and the ABC Theory of Emotion, this study [...] Read more.
Employee innovative behavior is an important source of organizational competitiveness and sustainable development. Accordingly, increasing scholarly attention has been directed toward how leadership behaviors are associated with employees’ innovative actions. Drawing on Affective Events Theory and the ABC Theory of Emotion, this study develops a cognition–emotion–attitude–behavior framework to examine the relationships among inclusive leadership, positive emotions, creative self-efficacy, and employee innovative behavior. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 463 employees working in innovation-oriented enterprises. Hierarchical regression analyses and bootstrap procedures were employed to examine the proposed associations and indirect effects. Inclusive leadership plays a positive role in stimulating employee innovation. Moreover, positive emotions and creative self-efficacy each exhibit significant indirect associations linking inclusive leadership to employee innovative behavior. This study contributes to the literature by clarifying the affective and attitudinal processes associated with inclusive leadership and by enriching understanding of the psychological pathways linked to employee innovative behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Employee Motivation)
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25 pages, 1622 KB  
Article
Unfolding the Relationship Between Psychological Safety, Knowledge Sharing, and Innovation Commitment in Private Higher Education Institutions in Egypt
by Wael Elshanhaby, Najlaa Ahmed, Amr Noureldin, Moustafa Leila, Ibrahim Abdelmutalib, Mohamed Aboueldahab and Ahmed Attiea
Adm. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci16020064 - 27 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1923
Abstract
This study examines how psychological safety (PS) relates to employees’ innovation commitment (IC) in private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Egypt by specifying a learning-based mechanism and two enabling boundary conditions. Drawing on organizational learning theory and commitment research, we surveyed 405 academic [...] Read more.
This study examines how psychological safety (PS) relates to employees’ innovation commitment (IC) in private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Egypt by specifying a learning-based mechanism and two enabling boundary conditions. Drawing on organizational learning theory and commitment research, we surveyed 405 academic and administrative staff (faculty members, teaching assistants, and administrators) across six private universities using validated multi-item measures and analyzed the proposed moderated-mediation model using PLS-SEM (SmartPLS 4), alongside procedural checks to mitigate common method bias. Results indicate that psychological safety is positively associated with knowledge sharing (KS) and innovation commitment, and that knowledge sharing partially mediates the relationship between psychological safety and innovation commitment. The findings further show that transformational leadership (TL) strengthens the positive association between psychological safety and knowledge sharing, while digital readiness (DR) strengthens the positive association between knowledge sharing and innovation commitment. The study contributes by clarifying when psychologically safe climates are most likely to be linked to innovation commitment through day-to-day exchange behaviors and by identifying leadership and digital capability conditions that amplify these relationships in private HEIs. Practically, the results underscore the value of institutionalizing psychologically safe dialog, developing transformational leadership behaviors, and investing in digital infrastructure and skills to make knowledge flows more actionable for innovation-related persistence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Employee Motivation)
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23 pages, 438 KB  
Article
Nurturing Employee Agility, Creativity, and Engagement: Unveiling the Influence of Internal Marketing
by Tadeja Harl and Borut Milfelner
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15120484 - 10 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1179
Abstract
Despite evidence that internal marketing influences key employees and customer outcomes, its role in shaping employee agility, creativity, and engagement remains underexplored, limiting organizations’ ability to develop a workforce that sustains competitiveness in dynamic environments. While previous literature has addressed individual relationships between [...] Read more.
Despite evidence that internal marketing influences key employees and customer outcomes, its role in shaping employee agility, creativity, and engagement remains underexplored, limiting organizations’ ability to develop a workforce that sustains competitiveness in dynamic environments. While previous literature has addressed individual relationships between internal marketing, employee creativity, agility, engagement, and satisfaction, we propose a structural model to test the proposed effects and provide a holistic understanding of how internal marketing interacts with employee creativity and other concepts. Covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to test relationships. The results confirm a significant positive impact of internal marketing on employee agility and engagement. While we did not find a direct impact on creativity, we identified an indirect impact on employee creativity via agility. Additionally, analysis showed a positive impact of creativity on satisfaction, highlighting the importance of a creative work environment in enhancing overall employee satisfaction. The study demonstrates that a well-structured IM strategy can set a company apart by fostering a workforce that is more agile, creative, engaged, and committed to success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Employee Motivation)
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23 pages, 1205 KB  
Article
Employer Branding: How Current Employee Attitudes Attract Top Talent and New Customers
by Ha Thi Thao, Lisa Hyunjung Kim and Young-Ju Kim
Adm. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14120342 - 20 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12446
Abstract
Employer branding research has predominantly concentrated on cultivating a favorable image for prospective job applicants, with limited exploration of its effects on current employees. This study investigates how employer branding shapes the attitudes of existing employees—specifically job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organization-related sacrifice—and [...] Read more.
Employer branding research has predominantly concentrated on cultivating a favorable image for prospective job applicants, with limited exploration of its effects on current employees. This study investigates how employer branding shapes the attitudes of existing employees—specifically job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organization-related sacrifice—and examines how these attitudes influence employees’ word-of-mouth behavior toward both potential applicants and customers. Drawing on survey data from employees in Vietnam’s travel and hospitality sectors, the findings reveal that development, diversity, and reputation values significantly enhance employee attitudes, while economic value does not exert a notable influence. Additionally, job satisfaction, organizational identification, and organization-related sacrifice all positively affect word-of-mouth intentions toward potential applicants. However, organization-related sacrifice emerges as the sole factor significantly impacting word-of-mouth intentions toward customers. The study offers substantial theoretical contributions and practical implications, emphasizing the broader influence of employer branding on current employees’ advocacy behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Employee Motivation)
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