Soft Pneumatic Actuators: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications

A special issue of Actuators (ISSN 2076-0825). This special issue belongs to the section "Actuator Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 443

Editors


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Guest Editor
Computer Science and Machine Learning Research Group, School of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Osijek, Trg Ljudevita Gaja 6, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
Interests: pneumatics & hydraulics; IoT; control theory; AI

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Guest Editor
Department of Robotics and Automation of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: pneumatics & hydraulics; control theory

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Soft pneumatic actuators have emerged as one of the most promising enabling technologies in the rapidly growing field of soft robotics. Unlike their rigid counterparts, these actuators exploit the controlled deformation of compliant materials under fluid pressure to generate a rich repertoire of motions that closely mimic the dexterity and adaptability of biological systems. Their inherent compliance, lightweight construction, and intrinsic safety in proximity to humans make them uniquely suited for applications where conventional rigid actuators fall short, including delicate object manipulation, minimally invasive surgery, wearable rehabilitation devices, and safe human–robot collaboration.

Over the past decade, the field has witnessed remarkable progress on multiple fronts. Novel structural designs, ranging from fiber-reinforced chambers and bellows-type geometries to origami and kirigami-inspired architectures, have significantly expanded the performance envelope of pneumatic soft actuators in terms of force output, stroke, and motion complexity. Advances in additive manufacturing now enable the rapid prototyping and monolithic fabrication of actuators with intricate internal channel networks that were previously unattainable through conventional molding. At the same time, the integration of flexible sensors and self-sensing mechanisms into pneumatic structures has opened the path toward closed-loop control, a critical requirement for transitioning these devices from laboratory demonstrations to real-world deployment. 

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive and timely snapshot of recent advances and emerging applications of soft pneumatic actuators. We seek to bring together original research articles and review papers that address the design, fabrication, modeling, sensing, control, and application of these systems. Contributions that bridge the gap between fundamental actuator science and practical deployment are particularly encouraged. 

Papers are welcome on topics that are related, but not limited, to the following:

  • Novel design methodologies for soft pneumatic actuators;
  • Bio-inspired and biomimetic pneumatic actuator architectures;
  • Origami and kirigami-inspired pneumatic actuators;
  • Vacuum-powered soft actuators and pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs);
  • Fabric-based and textile-reinforced pneumatic actuators;
  • Advanced fabrication techniques;
  • Materials for soft pneumatic actuators;
  • Finite element analysis and computational design optimization of pneumatic actuators;
  • AI-driven design and topology optimization of soft pneumatic actuators;
  • Data-driven and machine-learning-based modeling and control of soft pneumatic systems;
  • Embedded sensing and self-sensing capabilities in soft pneumatic systems;
  • Control strategies for soft pneumatic actuators;
  • Soft pneumatic grippers and manipulation systems;
  • Medical and rehabilitation applications;
  • Hybrid soft–rigid and bio-hybrid pneumatic actuation systems;
  • Energy efficiency, sustainability, and durability of soft pneumatic actuators.

Dr. Juraj Benić
Dr. Mihael Cipek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • soft robotics
  • soft pneumatic actuator
  • design
  • modeling
  • sensing
  • control
  • 3D-printed actuators
  • flexible grippers
  • wearable soft robots

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

23 pages, 40386 KB  
Article
A Reconfigurable Design Approach for Hybrid Tendon–Pneumatic Continuum Robots Enabled by Soft Multi-Lumen Backbones
by Burak Ozdemir, Amman Chougle, Pietro Valdastri and James H. Chandler
Actuators 2026, 15(6), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/act15060339 - 13 Jun 2026
Viewed by 252
Abstract
Continuum robots offer inherent compliance and dexterity for operation in confined and unstructured environments; however, achieving hybrid multi-segment functionality typically requires application-specific redesign and tightly coupled architectures. To address this limitation, this study proposes a reconfigurable hybrid continuum robot architecture based around a [...] Read more.
Continuum robots offer inherent compliance and dexterity for operation in confined and unstructured environments; however, achieving hybrid multi-segment functionality typically requires application-specific redesign and tightly coupled architectures. To address this limitation, this study proposes a reconfigurable hybrid continuum robot architecture based around a multi-lumen central integration backbone that supports multiple actuation modalities and robot configurations. The proposed design combines external tendon-driven disk modules for proximal actuation with a pneumatically actuated distal tip, while internal lumens allow routing of pneumatic lines and the insertion of optional stiffening elements without structural interference. The reconfigurability of the architecture is demonstrated through two configurations: Concept-1, a two-segment hybrid system, and Concept-2, a miniaturized three-segment configuration achieved by reducing the disk diameter and extending tendon actuation to the backbone. Experimental evaluations are conducted to characterize segment-wise actuation, coupled deformation behavior, and workspace capabilities, hysteresis response, tip contact force, and phantom-based target reachability. Results show that the integration of tendon-driven and pneumatic actuation significantly expands and reorients the reachable workspace. Additional functional tests showed repeatable loading–unloading behaviour of the tendon-driven segment, a maximum pneumatic tip contact force of approximately 0.45 N, and successful access to five representative targets within a stomach-like phantom using Concept-2. A kinematic model based on a constant-curvature formulation is validated against experimental data, yielding root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 5.44 mm and 6.12 mm for Concept-1 and Concept-2, respectively. These results demonstrate consistent model accuracy across different configurations and scales. Overall, the proposed architecture enables modular, scalable, and reconfigurable hybrid continuum robots, providing a flexible framework for applications ranging from large-scale manipulation to gastroscopy-inspired minimally invasive procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soft Pneumatic Actuators: Recent Advances and Emerging Applications)
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