Weight Status Determines the Impact of a School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Intervention Program
2.3. Anthropometric Measures
2.4. Socioeconomic Variables
2.5. Beverages and Dairy Products Consumption
2.6. Movement Behaviors: Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Nighttime Sleep
2.7. Mediterranean Diet Adherence
2.8. Emotional Well-Being and Self-Esteem
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Beverage and Dairy Consumption
4.2. Movement Behaviors
4.3. Mediterranean Diet Adherence
4.4. Well-Being and Self-Esteem
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | ||
Boys | 285 | 51.6 | |
Girls | 267 | 48.4 | |
Mother’s education | |||
Required studies | 85 | 15.4 | |
High School y/o FP | 368 | 66.7 | |
University | 97 | 17.6 | |
Without studies | 2 | 0.4 | |
Overweight/obese | 134 | 24.3 | |
Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 7.72 | 2.60 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 17.58 | 3.09 | |
Body mass index (z-score) * | 0.49 | 1.19 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 58.94 | 8.48 | |
Hip circumference (cm) | 68.89 | 11.27 | |
Waist/height index | 0.47 | 0.04 |
Time 0 | Time 1 | Time 0 | Time 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portions per Day | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean Dif | p-Value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean Dif | p-Value | p-Value * |
Water | 2.91 ± 1.08 | 2.97 ± 1.18 | 0.06 ± 1.13 | 0.00 | 3.13 ±1.11 | 3.38 ±1.14 | 0.25 ± 1.13 | 0.232 | 0.236 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.14 ± 0.29 | 0.09 ± 0.18 | −0.05 ± 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.28 | 0.09 ± 0.15 | −0.06 ± 0.22 | 0.021 | 0.759 |
Light beverages | 0.03 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.15 | 0.02 ± 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.010 | 0.04 ± 0.12 | 0.01 ± 0.09 | 0.447 | 0.549 |
Natural juices | 0.30 ± 0.47 | 0.32 ± 0.44 | 0.02 ± 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.53 | 0.27 ± 0.40 | −0.02 ± 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.544 |
Packed Juices | 0.31 ± 0.54 | 0.29 ± 0.39 | −0.02 ± 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.26 ± 0.46 | 0.28 ± 0.41 | 0.02 ± 0.44 | 0.00 | 0.535 |
Smoothies | 0.18 ± 0.48 | 0.52 ± 0.87 | 0.34 ± 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.49 | 0.43 ± 0.91 | 0.21 ± 0.73 | 0.00 | 0.200 |
Milk | 1.56 ± 0.86 | 1.16 ± 0.99 | −0.40 ± 0.93 | 0.00 | 1.72 ± 1.03 | 1.21 ± 0.96 | −0.51 ± 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.422 |
Sweetened milk | 0.53 ± 0.81 | 0.40 ± 0.62 | −0.13 ± 0.72 | 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.74 | 0.32 ± 0.47 | −0.08 ± 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.599 |
Natural yogurt | 0.27 ± 0.38 | 0.25 ± 0.34 | −0.02 ± 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.37 | 0.22 ± 0.30 | −0.05 ± 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.545 |
Sugar yogurt | 0.45 ± 0.42 | 0.29 ± 0.36 | −0.16 ± 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.44 | 0.29 ± 0.37 | −0.21 ± 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.378 |
Normal Weight | Overweight/Obesity | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 0 | Time 1 | Time 0 | Time 1 | Mean Dif Comparison (Normal Weight vs. Overweight/Obesity) | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean Dif | p-Value | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean Dif | p-Value | p-Value | |
Physical Activity (min/day) | 24.24 | 13.56 | 25.74 | 19.00 | 1.50 ± 6.98 | 0.391 | 27.22 | 17.29 | 25.30 | 17.51 | −1.92 ± 12.79 | 0.577 | 0.211 |
Television (min/day) | |||||||||||||
Weekdays | 52.13 | 55.68 | 60.96 | 58.18 | 8.83 ± 56.98 | 0.012 | 60.37 | 57.43 | 63.85 | 49.75 | 3.48 ± 53.72 | 0.578 | 0.495 |
Weekend | 123.06 | 100.93 | 129.66 | 88.15 | 6.60 ± 94.72 | 0.251 | 126.03 | 112.70 | 123.88 | 87.51 | −2.15 ± 100.90 | 0.856 | 0.528 |
PC (min/day) | |||||||||||||
Weekdays | 24.36 | 47.46 | 45.94 | 54.31 | 21.58 ± 51.00 | 0.000 | 38.14 | 63.54 | 54.08 | 56.27 | 15.94 ± 60.01 | 0.012 | 0.474 |
Weekend | 75.92 | 89.80 | 103.70 | 92.63 | 27.78 ± 91.23 | 0.000 | 102.75 | 94.51 | 124.46 | 102.37 | 21.71 ± 98.52 | 0.020 | 0.651 |
Total screen time (min/day) | |||||||||||||
Weekdays | 76.63 | 81.41 | 106.70 | 89.94 | 30.07 ± 85.79 | 0.000 | 99.31 | 91.18 | 117.04 | 75.31 | 17.73 ± 83.61 | 0.033 | 0.304 |
Weekend | 199.91 | 149.89 | 230.91 | 142.17 | 31.00 ± 146.07 | 0.000 | 228.51- | 158.09 | 245.36 | 148.72 | 16.85 ± 153.55 | 0.312 | 0.505 |
Nighttime sleep (hours/night) | |||||||||||||
Weekdays | 8.90 | 1.08 | 8.68 | 1.06 | −0.22 ± 1.07 | 0.000 | 8.63 | 0.97 | 8.28 | 1.13 | −0.35 ± 1.05 | 0.001 | 0.386 |
Weekend | 9.53 | 1.18 | 9.46 | 1.13 | −0.07 ± 1.16 | 0.333 | 9.35 | 1.24 | 9.02 | 1.32 | −0.33 ± 1.28 | 0.013 | 0.134 |
Normal Weight | Overweight/Obesity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adherence to DMed (Total Score) | n | % | p | n | % | p | Changes between Groups (p) * |
Low/Medium-Low/Medium | 201 | 49.5 | 0.000 | 65 | 50.4 | 0.004 | 0.356 |
Low/Medium-Adequate | 68 | 16.7 | 25 | 19.4 | |||
Adequate-Low/Medium | 44 | 10.8 | 18 | 14.0 | |||
Adequate-Adequate | 93 | 22.9 | 21 | 16.3 |
Change of Habit (T1-T0) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Weight | Overweight/Obesity | |||||||
N | % | p-Value | N | % | p-Value | Changes between Groups (p) * | ||
Emotional well-being. | ||||||||
… He was laughing and had a lot of fun. | Y-Y | 325 | 91.8 | 0.000 | 101 | 89.4 | 0.050 | 0.509 |
N-Y | 11 | 3.1 | 7 | 6.2 | ||||
Y-N | 12 | 3.4 | 3 | 2.7 | ||||
N-N | 6 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.8 | ||||
… He didn’t feel right to do anything. | Y-Y | 0 | 0 | 0.925 | 0 | 0 | 0.978 | 0.925 |
N-Y | 5 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.2 | ||||
Y-N | 5 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||
N-N | 3/5 | 96.9 | 86 | 96.6 | ||||
… felt lonely. | Y-Y | 0 | 0 | 0.997 | 0 | 0 | 0.999 | 0.997 |
N-Y | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||
Y-N | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | ||||
N-N | 326 | 99.4 | 88 | 98.9 | ||||
… He felt insecure and anxious. | Y-Y | 0 | 0 | 0.955 | 0 | 0 | 0.978 | 0.955 |
N-Y | 3 | 0.9 | 3 | 3.4 | ||||
Y-N | 5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | ||||
N-N | 318 | 97.5 | 86 | 96.6 | ||||
Self-esteem. | ||||||||
… He was proud of himself. | Y-Y | 222 | 65.3 | 0.001 | 67 | 65.7 | 0.002 | 0.665 |
N-Y | 38 | 11.2 | 10 | 9.8 | ||||
Y-N | 55 | 16.2 | 14 | 13.7 | ||||
N-N | 25 | 7.4 | 11 | 10.8 | ||||
… felt on top of the world | Y-Y | 54 | 16.5 | 0.000 | 17 | 18.7 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
N-Y | 33 | 10.1 | 12 | 13.2 | ||||
Y-N | 72 | 22 | 17 | 18.7 | ||||
N-N | 168 | 51.4 | 45 | 49.5 | ||||
… He felt good about himself/herself. | Y-Y | 273 | 79.1 | 0.001 | 71 | 70.3 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
N-Y | 20 | 5.8 | 15 | 14.9 | ||||
Y-N | 40 | 11.6 | 7 | 6.9 | ||||
N-N | 12 | 3.5 | 8 | 7.9 | ||||
… He had good ideas. | Y-Y | 231 | 69 | 0.002 | 58 | 61.1 | 0.345 | 0.632 |
N-Y | 22 | 6.6 | 15 | 15.8 | ||||
Y-N | 64 | 19.1 | 16 | 16.8 | ||||
N-N | 18 | 5.4 | 6 | 6.3 | ||||
Family | ||||||||
… felt comfortable with us as parents. | Y-Y | 319 | 91.4 | 0.510 | 96 | 93.2 | 0.140 | 0.340 |
N-Y | 13 | 3.7 | 2 | 1.9 | ||||
Y-N | 16 | 4.6 | 4 | 3.9 | ||||
N-N | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||
… At ease at home | Y-Y | 325 | 95.9 | 0.155 | 96 | 92.3 | 0.016 | 0.213 |
N-Y | 6 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.9 | ||||
Y-N | 7 | 2.1 | 4 | 3.8 | ||||
N-N | 1 | 0.3 | 2 | 1.9 | ||||
… We argued at home. | Y-Y | 7 | 2.1 | 0.000 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.376 | 0.001 |
N-Y | 10 | 3 | 5 | 5.3 | ||||
Y-N | 16 | 4.8 | 6 | 6.3 | ||||
N-N | 303 | 90.2 | 83 | 87.4 | ||||
… He felt overprotected by us. | Y-Y | 43 | 12.9 | 0.000 | 31 | 33 | 0.018 | 0.001 |
N-Y | 35 | 10.5 | 15 | 16 | ||||
Y-N | 49 | 14.7 | 63 | 67 | ||||
N-N | 206 | 61.9 | 46 | 48.9 |
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Miguel-Berges, M.L.; Larruy-García, A.; De Miguel-Etayo, P.; Jimeno-Martinez, A.; Torres, A.; Moreno, L.A. Weight Status Determines the Impact of a School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children. Children 2024, 11, 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091093
Miguel-Berges ML, Larruy-García A, De Miguel-Etayo P, Jimeno-Martinez A, Torres A, Moreno LA. Weight Status Determines the Impact of a School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children. Children. 2024; 11(9):1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091093
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel-Berges, María L., Alicia Larruy-García, Pilar De Miguel-Etayo, Andrea Jimeno-Martinez, Antonio Torres, and Luis A. Moreno. 2024. "Weight Status Determines the Impact of a School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children" Children 11, no. 9: 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091093
APA StyleMiguel-Berges, M. L., Larruy-García, A., De Miguel-Etayo, P., Jimeno-Martinez, A., Torres, A., & Moreno, L. A. (2024). Weight Status Determines the Impact of a School-Based Nutrition Education Intervention on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children. Children, 11(9), 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091093