- Article
Robotic Precision vs. Human Dexterity—Benchtop Comparative Study of Free-Hand vs. Robotic-Assisted Puncture in Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
- Jeffery Ze Kang Lim,
- Chai Chu Ann,
- Aung Kyaw Phyo,
- Kanesh Kumaran,
- Ahmad Nazran,
- Shanggar Kuppusamy,
- Teng Aik Ong and
- Wei Sien Yeoh
Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard procedure for treating large kidney stones, especially those measuring over 20 mm or staghorn stones. Accurate placement of the tract into the renal collecting system of interest is cr...

