Comparison of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-GC-MS Coupled with Fast GC E-Nose
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ginger Samples
2.2. Drying Process
2.2.1. Hot Air Drying Process (HAD)
2.2.2. Vacuum Drying Process (VD)
2.2.3. Sun Drying (SD)
2.2.4. Vacuum-Freeze Drying (VFD)
2.3. Preparation of Dried Ginger Powder
2.4. Color Measurements
2.5. Analysis of Volatile Components by HS-GC-MS
2.6. Analysis of Flavor Compounds by Fast GC E-Nose
2.6.1. Sample Incubation
2.6.2. Acquisition of Flavor Components
2.6.3. Qualitative Analysis of Flavor Components
2.7. Statistical Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Appearance Characteristics and Color Changes of Dried Gingers
3.2. HS-GC-MS Analysis
3.2.1. Identification and Analysis of Volatile Components
3.2.2. Discrimination of the Dried Gingers by PCA and PLS-DA Analysis
3.3. Fast GC E-Nose Analysis
3.3.1. Analysis of Flavor Components
3.3.2. Discrimination of the Dried Gingers by PCA and PLS-DA Analysis
3.3.3. Flavor Comparison between FG and DG by OPLS-DA
3.4. Comparative Analysis of HS-GC-MS and Fast GC E-Nose
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Drying Methods | FG | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAD-50 | HAD-60 | HAD-70 | VD-50 | VD-60 | VD-70 | VFD | SD | ||
L* | 79.50 bc | 79.02 c | 76.96 e | 78.11 d | 79.20 c | 77.46 de | 86.60 a | 80.04 b | 77.01 e |
a* | 0.39 e | 1.05 c | 1.99 a | 1.01 cd | 0.60 e | 1.50 b | −1.88 g | 0.67 e | −1.19 f |
b* | 32.18 de | 32.44 de | 33.18 bcd | 34.59 a | 34.94 a | 34.36 ab | 33.40 bc | 26.18 f | 31.42 e |
Chroma | 32.18 ef | 32.46 def | 33.24 cde | 34.60 ab | 34.94 a | 34.40 abc | 33.46 bcd | 26.19 g | 31.45 f |
Hue angle | 89.32 c | 88.15 ef | 86.58 g | 88.33 de | 89.01 cd | 87.50 f | 93.22 a | 88.54 de | 92.24 b |
∆E | 3.14 e | 3.27 e | 3.82 d | 4.20 d | 4.73 c | 4.19 d | 9.87 a | 6.15 b | ------ |
NO. | RT (min) | Compounds | Type | Formula | CAS | R.Match | RI-m | RI-r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.66 | 2-Heptanone | ketones | C7H14O | 110-43-0 | 749 | 890.3 | 891 |
2 | 4.80 | 2-Heptanol | alcohols | C7H16O | 543-49-7 | 859 | 899.6 | 901 |
3 | 5.24 | Tricyclene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 508-32-7 | 826 | 922.1 | 925 |
4 | 5.32 | α-Thujene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 2867-05-2 | 743 | 926.1 | 929 |
5 | 5.45 | α-Pinene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 80-56-8 | 883 | 933.0 | 937 |
6 | 5.74 | Camphene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 79-92-5 | 877 | 947.8 | 952 |
7 | 6.24 | Sabinene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 3387-41-5 | 872 | 973.0 | 974 |
8 | 6.32 | β-Pinene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 127-91-3 | 846 | 977.3 | 979 |
9 | 6.48 | Sulcatone | ketones | C8H14O | 110-93-0 | 763 | 985.5 | 986 |
10 | 6.58 | β-Myrcene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 123-35-3 | 874 | 990.6 | 991 |
11 | 6.83 | Octanal | aldehydes | C8H16O | 124-13-0 | 890 | 1002.6 | 1003 |
12 | 6.91 | α-Phellandrene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 99-83-2 | 885 | 1005.5 | 1005 |
13 | 7.05 | 3-Carene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 13466-78-9 | 878 | 1010.9 | 1011 |
14 | 7.20 | α-Terpinene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 99-86-5 | 808 | 1016.4 | 1017 |
15 | 7.40 | p-Cymene | monoterpenes | C10H14 | 99-87-6 | 824 | 1023.8 | 1025 |
16 | 7.52 | β-Phellandrene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 555-10-2 | 864 | 1028.4 | 1031 |
17 | 7.56 | Eucalyptol | alcohols | C10H18O | 470-82-6 | 873 | 1030.1 | 1032 |
18 | 7.79 | (Z)-Ocimene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 3338-55-4 | 662 | 1038.5 | 1038 |
19 | 8.28 | γ-Terpinene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 99-85-4 | 824 | 1057.0 | 1060 |
20 | 9.12 | Terpinolene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 586-62-9 | 882 | 1088.7 | 1088 |
21 | 9.19 | 2-Nonanone | ketones | C9H18O | 821-55-6 | 813 | 1091.3 | 1092 |
22 | 9.34 | α-Naginatene | alkenes | C10H14O | 15186-51-3 | 703 | 1097.1 | 1093 |
23 | 9.42 | Linalool | alcohols | C10H18O | 78-70-6 | 788 | 1100.1 | 1099 |
24 | 9.94 | (3E)-4,8-Dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene | alkenes | C11H18 | 19945-61-0 | 755 | 1115.9 | 1116 |
25 | 10.12 | (+)-Sylvestrene | monoterpenes | C10H16 | 1461-27-4 | 790 | 1121.1 | 1027 |
26 | 10.85 | (-)-Camphor | monoterpenes | C10H16O | 464-48-2 | 840 | 1143.4 | 1142 |
27 | 10.87 | Camphor | monoterpenes | C10H16O | 76-22-2 | 799 | 1143.9 | 1145 |
28 | 11.11 | Citronellal | aldehydes | C10H18O | 106-23-0 | 884 | 1151.1 | 1153 |
29 | 11.55 | (-)-Borneol | monoterpenes | C10H18O | 464-45-9 | 869 | 1164.6 | 1166 |
30 | 11.95 | Terpinen-4-ol | monoterpenes | C10H18O | 562-74-3 | 697 | 1176.7 | 1177 |
31 | 12.41 | α-Terpineol | monoterpenes | C10H18O | 98-55-5 | 876 | 1190.7 | 1189 |
32 | 14.18 | β-Citral | aldehydes | C10H16O | 106-26-3 | 819 | 1241.1 | 1240 |
33 | 15.23 | α-Citral | aldehydes | C10H16O | 141-27-5 | 885 | 1270.6 | 1270 |
34 | 15.77 | Isobornyl acetate | esters | C12H20O2 | 125-12-2 | 793 | 1285.9 | 1286 |
35 | 16.05 | 2-Undecanone | ketones | C11H22O | 112-12-9 | 818 | 1293.8 | 1294 |
36 | 17.56 | δ-EIemene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 20307-84-0 | 795 | 1338.1 | 1338 |
37 | 18.11 | Citronellol acetate | esters | C12H22O2 | 150-84-5 | 741 | 1354.2 | 1354 |
38 | 18.56 | (+)-Cyclosativene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 22469-52-9 | 805 | 1367.7 | 1368 |
39 | 18.87 | Copaene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 3856-25-5 | 867 | 1376.6 | 1376 |
40 | 19.40 | β-Elemene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 515-13-9 | 744 | 1392.4 | 1391 |
41 | 19.84 | Sesquithujene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 58319-06-5 | 879 | 1405.7 | 1402 |
42 | 20.80 | α-Bergamotene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 17699-05-7 | 811 | 1435.8 | 1435 |
43 | 21.47 | (E)-β-Famesene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 18794-84-8 | 810 | 1456.9 | 1457 |
44 | 21.59 | Alloaromadendren | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 25246-27-9 | 834 | 1460.6 | 1461 |
45 | 22.06 | β-Chamigrene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 18431-82-8 | 814 | 1475.4 | 1476 |
46 | 22.30 | α-Curcumene | sesquiterpenes | C15H22 | 644-30-4 | 864 | 1483.0 | 1483 |
47 | 22.71 | Zingiberene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 495-60-3 | 903 | 1495.8 | 1495 |
48 | 22.98 | α-Bulnesene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 3691-11-0 | 769 | 1506.6 | 1505 |
49 | 23.08 | β-Bisabololene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 495-61-4 | 816 | 1511.2 | 1509 |
50 | 23.47 | β-Sesquiphellandrene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 20307-83-9 | 908 | 1529.9 | 1524 |
51 | 23.67 | (E)-γ-Bisabolene | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 53585-13-0 | 876 | 1539.2 | 1533 |
52 | 24.19 | Germacrene B | sesquiterpenes | C15H24 | 15423-57-1 | 898 | 1564.3 | 1557 |
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Yu, D.-X.; Guo, S.; Wang, J.-M.; Yan, H.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Yang, J.; Duan, J.-A. Comparison of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-GC-MS Coupled with Fast GC E-Nose. Foods 2022, 11, 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111611
Yu D-X, Guo S, Wang J-M, Yan H, Zhang Z-Y, Yang J, Duan J-A. Comparison of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-GC-MS Coupled with Fast GC E-Nose. Foods. 2022; 11(11):1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111611
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Dai-Xin, Sheng Guo, Jie-Mei Wang, Hui Yan, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Jian Yang, and Jin-Ao Duan. 2022. "Comparison of Different Drying Methods on the Volatile Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by HS-GC-MS Coupled with Fast GC E-Nose" Foods 11, no. 11: 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111611