Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd3+ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry

Laia, André S.; Hora, Daniela A.; Rezende, Marcos V. dos S.; Gomes, Maria A.; Brandão-Silva, Antônio C.; Santos, Marcos A. C. dos; Dantas, Noelio O.; Silva, Anielle C. A.; Rodrigues, José J.; Valerio, Mário E. G.; Macedo, Zélia S.; Alencar, Márcio A. R. C.

doi:10.3390/photonics10050485

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry

by

André S. Laia

^1,2,3

,

Daniela A. Hora

⁴,

Marcos V. dos S. Rezende

^1,4,

Maria A. Gomes

⁴,

Antônio C. Brandão-Silva

¹,

Marcos A. C. dos Santos

¹

,

Noelio O. Dantas

⁵,

Anielle C. A. Silva

⁵

,

José J. Rodrigues, Jr.

^1,2,

Mário E. G. Valerio

¹

,

Zélia S. Macedo

¹

and

Márcio A. R. C. Alencar

^1,2,*

¹

Physics Department, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil

²

Laboratory of Corrosion and Nanotechnology (LCNT), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil

³

Grupo de Pesquisa em Física e Ensino de Física (GPFEF), Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá 68502-100, PA, Brazil

⁴

Grupo de Nanomateriais Funcionais (GNF), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil

⁵

Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió 57072-900, AL, Brazil

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Photonics 2023, 10(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050485

Submission received: 6 March 2023 / Revised: 13 April 2023 / Accepted: 21 April 2023 / Published: 23 April 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Photonic Devices and Techniques)

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Abstract

Luminescent thermometers based on the luminescence intensity ratio between two thermally coupled levels have a strong appeal in the biomedical area due to the possibility of monitoring the temperature of deep tissues. In such procedures, it is necessary that the excitation and emission wavelengths are within the biological windows. Probes based on neodymium luminescence, with excitation and emission around 800 and 880 nm, are frequently proposed but have low relative sensitivity (0.2%.K⁻¹) due to the small energy separation between the explored Stark sublevels. By changing the excitation wavelength to around 750 nm, it is possible to explore the thermal coupling between the ⁴F_5/2 and ⁴F_3/2 levels. However, lasers in this wavelength range are not common. An alternative is to use LEDs as an excitation source. As a proof of concept, we investigated the thermometric performance of three distinct Nd-doped luminescent probes under 730 nm LED excitation and 532 nm laser excitation: nanocrystalline Y₂O₃, LiBaPO₄ microcrystals, and lithium-boron-aluminum (LBA) glass. The results indicated that the use of LEDs as an excitation source can be applied in nano-, micro- and macro-structured probes, as it does not compromise the thermometric performance of the systems, which exhibited relative sensitivities of approximately 2%.K⁻¹.

Keywords: luminescent thermometry; luminescence intensity ratio; Nd-doped luminescent probes; LEDs as an excitation source

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MDPI and ACS Style

Laia, A.S.; Hora, D.A.; Rezende, M.V.d.S.; Gomes, M.A.; Brandão-Silva, A.C.; Santos, M.A.C.d.; Dantas, N.O.; Silva, A.C.A.; Rodrigues, J.J., Jr.; Valerio, M.E.G.; et al. Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry. Photonics 2023, 10, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050485

AMA Style

Laia AS, Hora DA, Rezende MVdS, Gomes MA, Brandão-Silva AC, Santos MACd, Dantas NO, Silva ACA, Rodrigues JJ Jr., Valerio MEG, et al. Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry. Photonics. 2023; 10(5):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050485

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laia, André S., Daniela A. Hora, Marcos V. dos S. Rezende, Maria A. Gomes, Antônio C. Brandão-Silva, Marcos A. C. dos Santos, Noelio O. Dantas, Anielle C. A. Silva, José J. Rodrigues, Jr., Mário E. G. Valerio, and et al. 2023. "Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry" Photonics 10, no. 5: 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050485

APA Style

Laia, A. S., Hora, D. A., Rezende, M. V. d. S., Gomes, M. A., Brandão-Silva, A. C., Santos, M. A. C. d., Dantas, N. O., Silva, A. C. A., Rodrigues, J. J., Jr., Valerio, M. E. G., Macedo, Z. S., & Alencar, M. A. R. C. (2023). Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry. Photonics, 10(5), 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050485

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Investigating the Thermometric Performance of Inorganic Materials Doped with Nd³⁺ under Infrared LED Excitation: An Alternative for Deep Tissue Luminescent Thermometry

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