Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Beginning Step: Environmental Matrices
2.1. Air
2.2. Water
2.3. Soil
3. The Spread Step: Food Matrices and Drinking Water
3.1. Drinking Water
3.2. Fruits and Vegetables
3.3. Juices
3.4. Other Foods
4. The Final Endpoint: Bio-Clinical Matrices
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
VOCs | volatile organic compounds |
SVOCs | semivolatile organic compounds |
DVB/CAR/PDMS | divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane |
CAR/PDMS | carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane |
PDMS | polydimethylsiloxane |
PA | polyacrylate |
PDMS/DVB | polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene |
PDMS/DVB/PDMS | polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene-polydimethylsiloxane |
PAHs | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
THMs | trihalomethanes |
PCBs | polychlorinated biphenyls |
PFBHA | (pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine |
MtBSTFA | N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide |
OPEs | organophosphate esters |
BTEX | benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes |
PBDEs | polybrominated diphenyl ethers |
PM | particulate matter |
TWA | Time-Weighted Average sampling |
MOF | metal-organic framework |
COV | covalent organic frameworks |
IL | Ionic liquids |
PIL | polymeric ionic liquid |
MMF-SPME | multiple monolithic fiber solid-phase microextraction |
SPME-TM | Solid-Phase Micro Extraction-Transmission Mode |
SPME-TM-DART/MS | Solid-Phase Micro Extraction-Transmission Mode Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry |
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Analytes | Matrix | SPME Approach and Coating Material | Instrumentation | Calibration Range | [Ref] Publishing Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
THMs | Ambient air | Fiber—DVB/CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 2–5000 µg/m3 | [1]—2019 |
VOCs | Indoor air | fiber—CAR/PDMS | GC-MS, GC-FID | - | [2]—2018 |
aliphatic and aromatic amines | Indoor air | Fiber—DVB/CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 10–50,000 ng/m3 | [3]—2018 |
OPEs | Indoor air | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | 0.05–500 mg/m3 | [4]—2017 |
Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, hexanal | Indoor air | fiber—PDMS/DVB | GC-MS, GC-FID | - | [5]—2014 |
VOCs | Ambient air | SPME Arrow—Carbon WR, Carbon WR/PDMS, PDMS/DVB, lab-made functionalized mesoporous silica material | GC-MS | - | [7]—2019 |
PAHs, phthalates, adipates, vulcanisation additives and antioxidants | Ambient air | fiber—PDMS/DVB | GC-MS | 0.01–2 µg/L | [8]—2018 |
BTEX | Ambient air | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | 2–200 mg/m3 | [9]—2016 |
HCN | Ambient air | fiber—CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 5–500 µg/L | [10]—2017 |
OPEs | PM10 | fiber—DVB/CAR/PDMS | GC-MS/MS | 0.1–10 ng/mL | [13]—2018 |
pesticides of different chemical classes | Ambient air and PM | fiber—PA | GC-MS | 2–2000 ng of each pesticide | [15]—2014 |
Short-chain chlorinated paraffin | water, sediment, organisms, and PM | fiber—hollow microporous organic network (H-MON) | GC-MS | 0.05–10 ng/mL | [17]—2018 |
PAHs | environmental water, PM2.5, and smoked meat | fiber—MOF@microporous organic network (MON) hybrid materials | GC-MS/MS | 0.1–500 ng/L | [18]—2016 |
nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | environmental water, PM2.5, and soil | fiber—porphyrinic zirconium MOF | GC-MS | 0.4–400 ng/L | [19]—2017 |
benzene homologues | indoor air | fiber—Covalent organic frameworks (COF) | GC-MS | 0.10–20 ng/L | [20]—2017 |
BTEX | ambient air | fiber—functionalized tetraquinoxaline cavitand | GC-MS | 3.5–470 ng/m3 | [21]—2016 |
acrolein | ambient air | cold fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | - | [23]—2017 |
Acetic acid | indoor air | fiber—Car/PDMS | GC-MS | - | [25]—2019 |
pesticides | river water | SPME-TM | DART-MS/MS DART-orbitrap | 0.10–100 ng/mL | [27]—2017 |
triazine herbicides obtained | lake water | IT-SPME | DART-MS/MS | 0.02−0.46 ng/mL | [28]—2014 |
perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) | lake and river water | wooden-tip SPME ambient MS | LC-MS/MS orbitrap | 0.5−100 ng/L | [29]—2014 |
PAHs | rain and river water | IT-SPME—PEEK tube was packed with polyester fibers | LC- diode array detector | 0.03–80 μg/L | [31]—2016 |
PAHs | lake and river water | fiber—boron nitride nanotube | GC-MS/MS | 1–1000 ng/L | [40]—2014 |
PAHs | river water | fiber—peanut shell-derived biochar materials | GC-MS | 10–2000 ng/L | [41]—2019 |
PAHs | lake water | fiber—MOF | GC-MS | 0.01–10 μg/L | [32]—2019 |
PCBs | lake and river water | fiber—MOF | GC-MS | 1–50 ng/L | [33]—2015 |
PAHs | lake and river water | fiber—zeolite imidazolate MOF | GC-MS | 10–20,000 ng/L | [34]—2019 |
PAHs | lake and river water | fiber—hollow mesoporous carbon spheres | GC-MS | 5–2000 ng/L | [35]—2017 |
PAHs | river water | fiber—titanium dioxide-nanosheets | HPLC-UV | 0.05–300 mg/L | [37]—2015 |
PAHs | volcanic area water | fiber—silver nanoparticles | GC-FID | 5–300 μg/L | [38]—2018 |
nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) | lake and snow water | fiber—metal–organic nanotubes | GC-MS/MS | 10–1000 ng/L | [39]—2018 |
PCBs | river water | fiber—bamboo charcoal | GC-MS/MS | 0.2–1000 ng/L | [42]—2014 |
PCBs | seawater | fiber—metal–organic nanotubes | GC-MS/MS | 10–5000 pg/L | [43]—2016 |
PCBs | pond and lake water | fiber—multimodal porous carbons (MPCs) | GC-ECD | 10–1000 ng/L | [44]—2019 |
PCBs | pond, river, underground and lake water | fiber—metal–organic nanotubes | GC-MS/MS | 0.1–500 ng/L | [45]—2014 |
Sudan dyes | lake water | PEEK tube—zeolitic imidazolate frameworks | HPLC-UV | 0.02–20 ng/mL | [46]—2019 |
sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs) | lake, river and well water | MMF-SPME—mixed functional monomers | HPLC-DAD | 0.1–200 μg/L | [47]—2018 |
triazine herbicides | lake and river water | MMF-SPME—polydopamine-based monolith | HPLC-DAD | 0.1–200 μg/L | [48]—2016 |
chlorinated herbicides | river water | Fiber—polyethersulfone | GC-MS | 0.05–5 ng/mL | [49]—2014 |
organophosphorous pesticides | well water | fiber—metal-organic framework/polyethersulfone nanocomposite (TMU-4/PES) | GC-NPD | 0.015–50 μg/L | [50]—2018 |
organochlorine pesticides | well and pond water | fiber—gold nanoparticles | GC-ECD | 0.56–10 μg/L | [51]—2016 |
organochlorine pesticides | river and pond water | fiber—nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous polymer (NOMP) | GC–MS | 9−1500 ng/L | [52]—2016 |
carbamate pesticides | river water | MMF-SPME—boron-rich coating | HPLC-DAD | 0.057–0.96 μg/L | [53]—2019 |
fluoroquinolones | river water | IT-SPME—MOF-monolith composite | HPLC-FLD | 0.001–5.0 μg/L | [54]—2019 |
cefaclor and cefalexin | lake water | stir bar—molecular imprinted polymers and magnetic carbon nanotubes | HPLC-UV | 15–320 ng/mL | [55]—2017 |
sulfadiazine | well water | stir bar—graphene oxide-silica composite reinforced | UV-vis | 5–150 μg/L | [57]—2017 |
nitrophenols | lake and river water | MMF-SPME—AMED coating | HPLC-DAD | 0.5–200 μg/L | [58]—2015 |
chlorophenol and nitrophenols | river and spring water | fiber—cobalt (II)-based metal-organic nanotubes (Co-MONTs) | GC-MS | 0.5–1000 ng/L | [59]—2017 |
ultraviolet filters | river and rain water | fiber—phenyl functionalization of titania nanoparticles | HPLC-UV | 0.005–25 μg/L | [61]—2015 |
ultraviolet filters | river and rain water | fiber—gold nanoparticles | HPLC-UV | 0.10–400 μg/L | [70]—2014 |
ultraviolet filters | river and rain water | fiber—silica nanoparticle | HPLC-UV | 0.05–300 μg/L | [71]—2017 |
ultraviolet filters | river water | IT-SPME—polyaniline coating | HPLC-DAD | 0.06–100 μg/L | [62]—2017 |
ultraviolet filters | river water | fiber—oriented ZnO nanosheets | HPLC-UV | 0.05–500 ng/mL | [63]—2019 |
ultraviolet filters | river water | fiber—nitrogen-enriched carbonaceous material | HPLC-UV | 0.2–200 μg/L | [65]—2017 |
ultraviolet filters | river water | fiber—in situ fabricated rod-like TiO2 coating | HPLC-UV | 0.05–200 μg/L | [68]—2014 |
BTEX, organochlorine pesticides | sea, pond and river water | fiber—Prussian blue nanoparticles-doped graphene oxide | GC-MS | 1–1000 ng/L, 2–2000 ng/L | [75]—2019 |
BTEX | pond and river water | fiber—tri-metal centered metal-organic frameworks (tM-MOFs) | GC-MS | 5–2000 ng/L | [76]—2017 |
BTEX | lake and river water | fiber—graphene-carbon nanotubes composite | GC-MS | 5–5000 ng/L | [77]—2018 |
BTEX | river water | fiber—porous organic polymers | GC-MS | 2–500 ng/L | [79]—2017 |
BTEX and PAHs | pond and river water | fiber—microporous polymer | GC-MS | 1–20,000 ng/L | [80]—2018 |
benzoylurea insecticides | river water | MMF-SPME—poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) | HPLC-DAD | 0.10–200 μg/L | [82]—2015 |
endocrine disrupting | lake and river water | MMF-SPME—polymeric ionic liquid-based adsorbent | HPLC-UV | 0.10–200 μg/L | [83]—2017 |
perfluoroalkane sulfonamides | lake and river water | MMF-SPME—polymeric material with boron | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.0025–30.0 μg/L | [84]—2019 |
estrogens | lake and river water | magnetism-enhanced monolith-based in-tube IT-SPME—polymeric monolith with modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles | HPLC-DAD | 0.5–200 μg/L | [85]—2016 |
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | river water | fabric phase sorptive extraction—poly(dime-thyldiphenylsiloxane); poly(tetrahydrofuran); | GC-MS | 3–20,000 ng/L | [87]—2015 |
triazine herbicides | river water | Stir fabric phase sorptive extraction | UPLC-DAD | 0. 26–1.50 μg/L | [89]—2015 |
nitroaromatic Explosives | soil | fiber—quinoxaline-bridged cavitand | GC-MS | 120−1200 ng/Kg | [92]—2014 |
PAHs | soil | fiber—nanoporous carbon derived from an aluminum- based MOF | GC-MS | 0.1–12 μg/L | [95]—2015 |
PCBs | soil | fiber—different MOF networks | GC-MS | 0.01–600 ng/L | [97]—2018 |
PCBs | soil | fiber—MOF MIL-88B | GC-MS | 5–200 ng/L | [98]—2014 |
polybrominated diphenyl ethers | soil | fiber—Ag(I)-organic frameworks | GC-μECD | 0.1–500 ng/g | [99]—2015 |
dimethylhydrazine | soil | fiber—Car/PDMS | GC-MS | 0.5–2.5 mg/Kg | [100]—2018 |
1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole | soil | fiber—PDMS/DVB | GC-MS | - | [102]—2015 |
DDE | soil | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | - | [103]—2017 |
PCBs | soil | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | - | [104]—2019 |
PAHs | soil | fiber—PDMS | HPLC-UV | - | [106]—2016 |
mercury | soil | ionic liquid coated PTFE tube | CV AAS | 0.5–60 ng/mL | [108]—2014 |
Analytes | Matrix | SPME Approach and Coating Material | Instrumentation | Calibration Range | [Ref] Publishing Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
benzene derivatives | tap water | fiber—PANI-PIL/MWCNTs | GC-FID | 0.05–250 μg/L | [110]—2015 |
BTEX | tap water, mineral water | fiber—polypyrrole/CNT/TiO2 | GC-FID | 0.03–500 μg/L | [111]—2015 |
aromatic amines | tap water | fiber—poly(ethylene glycol)–graphene oxide | GC-FID | 1–2000 ng/L | [116]—2015 |
triazines | mineral water | IT-SPME—graphene oxide | HPLC-MS/MS | 0.2–4 μg/L | [117]—2018 |
triazines | tap water | IT-SPME—GO | LC-MS/MS | 5–500 ng/L | [118]—2015 |
PAHs | tap water | IT-SPME—zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)—ZIF-8 | HPLC-FLD | 0.01–5 μg/L | [126]—2015 |
phenols, multiclass insecticides | tap water | fiber—PIL-1-vinyl-3-(10-hydroxydecyl) imidazolium chloride [VC10OHIM][Cl] | HPLC-UV | 1–500 μg/L | [131]—2016 |
phthalates | bottle water | IT-SPME—1-dodecyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide | HPLC-DAD | 0.03–12 μg/L | [132]—2018 |
PAHs | tap water | IT-SPME—Co-Al bimetallic hydroxide nanocomposites | HPLC-DAD | 0.003–15 μg/L | [134]—2018 |
PAHs | tap water | IT-SPME—gold nanoparticles | HPLC-DAD | 0.01–20 μg/L | [135]—2018 |
VOCs | tap water, mineral water | fiber—hybrid silica-based material with IL 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4MIM][TFSI]) | GC—barrier ionization discharge (GC-BID) | 0.025–75 µg/L | [136]—2014 |
chlorophenols | tap water | fiber—Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) | GC-FID | 0.2–200 µg/L | [137]—2017 |
PAHs | tap water | fiber—polyetherimide | GC-MS | 0.005–1.2 μg/L | [138]—2014 |
BTEX | tap water | fiber—polyethylene terephthalate nanocomposites | GC-MS | 0.01–1 μg/L | [139]—2015 |
BTEX | tap water, mineral water | fiber—PDMS-TX100 | GC-FID | 0.004–200 μg/L | [140]—2014 |
multiclass pesticides | tap water | fiber—PDMS/DVB | MS—dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) | 0.01–30 μg/L | [142]—2016 |
parabens | tap water, milk, juice | in-tube—polyaniline–polypyrrole composite | HPLC-UV | 0.07–50 μg/L | [171]—2015 |
furan | tap water, canned tuna | fiber—MIP with pyrrole as template | GC-MS | 0.5–100 μg/L | [186]—2016 |
benzoylurea insecticides | orange juice, grape juice | fiber—poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) | HPLC-DAD | 0.5–200 μg/L | [82]—2015 |
multiclass pesticides | fruit juices | fiber—polythiophene-ionic liquid-Montmorillonite (PTh-IL-Mmt) | GC-ECD | 0.5–10 μg/L | [174]—2015 |
multiclass pesticides | grape juice | fiber—PDMS/DVB/PDMS | DBDI-MS | 0.5–100 μg/L | [176]—2018 |
alkylphenols | fruit juices | magnetic dispersive—CoFe2O4/oleic acid | LC-DAD-MS/MS | 16–200 μg/L | [175]—2016 |
triazine herbicides | orange juice | in tube—poly(MAA-EDMA-SWNT) | DART-MS | 0.1–50 μg/L | [28]—2014 |
triazoles | grape juice | fiber—MIP | GC-MS | 100–2000 μg/L | [172]—2014 |
multiclass pesticides | grape juice, orange juice, cow milk | mesh—HLB/PAN | DART/MS | 0.1–100 μg/L | [27]—2017 |
multiclass pesticides | grape juice, milk | mesh—HLB/PAN | DART/MS | 5–500 μg/L | [170]—2017 |
organochlorine pesticides | juice, milk | fiber—PAF/IL | GC-ECD | 1–500 μg/L | [173]—2016 |
bisphenol A | milk | fiber—(Et3NH)2Zn3(BDC)4 (E-MOF-5) | HPLC-SPD | 1–200 μg/L | [177]—2016 |
PAHs | milk | home-made PDMS fiber | GC-MS | 0.1–5 μg/L | [179]—2016 |
PCBs | milk | fiber—MoS2/RGO | GC-MS | 0.25–100 μg/L | [180]—2017 |
PCBs | milk | fiber—PIL 1-vinylbenzyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [VBHDIM] [NTf2] | GC-MS | 2.5–100 ng/L | [181]—2014 |
perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) | milk | surface coated wooden-tip probe—n-octadecyldimethyl [3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride | Orbitrap MS | 0.5–100 ng/L | [29]—2014 |
2-naphthol | pomelo and orange | fiber—MWCNTs-PILs | GC-FID | 0.5–5000 μg/Kg | [143]—2014 |
carbamate pesticides | apple, lettuce | fiber—IL/CNT | GC-FID | 0.05–250 μg/Kg | [144]—2016 |
organophosphorus pesticides | pear, grape, eggplant | fiber—CNTs@SiO2 | GC–corona discharge ion mobility spectrometric detection | 0.5–15 μg/Kg | [147]—2016 |
organophosphorus pesticides | cucumber, lettuce, apple, tap water | fiber—polypyrrole/montmorillonite nanocomposites | GC-CD-IMS | 0.05–10 μg/Kg | [148]—2014 |
BPA | canned beans, canned corn, canned peas | fiber—polypyrrole nanowire | ion mobility spectrometry | 10–150 μg/Kg | [149]—2016 |
organophosphorous pesticides | fruits | fiber—molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with calixarene as template | GC-NPD | 0.2–1000 μg/Kg | [150]—2016 |
multiclass pesticides | vegetables | fiber—Barley husk carbon | GC-MS | 0.2–75 μg/Kg | [151]—2017 |
pyrethroids | vegetables, fruits | fiber—COF-PDA | GC-ECD | 1–1000 μg/Kg | [152]—2016 |
organochlorine pesticides | cucumber | fiber—Covalent organic frameworks (COF) | GC-ECD | 0.008–800 ng/kg | [153]—2016 |
triazole fungicides | vegetable, fruit | fiber—MOF-5/GO hybrid composite | GC-µECD | 0.17–500 μg/Kg | [154]—2016 |
Organochlorine pesticides | vegetables | fiber—ZIF-67 | GC-µECD | 0.30–50 μg/Kg | [155]—2016 |
triazines | fruits, vegetables | fiber—ionic liquid (IL)-calixarene | GC-FID | 25–5000 μg/Kg | [156]—2014 |
PAHs | potatoes | fiber—Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids grafted on graphene oxide | GC-FID | 0.05–50 μg/Kg | [158]—2016 |
parathion | apple, strawberry, celery | fiber—Halloysite nanotubes-titanium dioxide (HNTs-TiO2) | negative corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometer | 0.1–25 μg/Kg | [159]—2016 |
multiclass pesticides | cucumber, pear, green tea | fiber—C3N4 (ZnO/g-C3N4) | GC-MS | 3–5000 ng/Kg | [160]—2016 |
multiclass pesticides and contaminants | avocado puree | fiber—PDMS/DVB/PDMS | GCxGC-ToF/MS | - | [162]—2017 |
multiclass pesticides and contaminants | spinach, tomatoes, carrots | fiber—PDMS/DVB/PDMS | GC-MS | - | [163]—2016 |
multiclass pesticides | grapes | fiber—PDMS-modified PDMS/DVB | GC-ToFMS | 1–1000 μg/Kg | [164]—2015 |
multiclass pesticide | fruits, vegetables | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | 1–500 μg/Kg | [168]—2015 |
Benzobenzo[a]pyrene | living fish | fiber—mixed-mode/PAN | LC-MS | - | [183]—2018 |
anesthetics | living fish | fiber—custom-made PDMS | GC-MS | 10–5000 μg/Kg | [184]—2017 |
trihalomethanes | fish | fiber—DVB-CAR-PDMS | GC-ECD | 0.35–8 μg/Kg | [185]—2017 |
PCBs | fish | SBSE—magnetic metal-organic frameworks—Fe3O4-MOF-5(Fe) | GC-MS | 0.01–500 μg/Kg | [187]—2015 |
sudan dyes (I, II, III and IV), Rhodamine B | chili oil, chili powder | film—carbon nanotube | desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI) | 100–20,000 μg/Kg | [200]—2015 |
Sudan dyes | chili powder | glass capillary—poly(BMA–EDMA–MAA) | DART-SVP-ToF MS | 20–2000 μg/Kg | [201]—2016 |
PAHs, PCBs and pesticides | edible seaweeds | fiber—PDMS/DVB/PDMS | GC-MS | 5–2000 μg/Kg | [202]—2018 |
triazine herbicides | vegetable oils | magnetic dispersive—1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([C6mim] [FeCl4] | HPLC-UV | 5–1000 μg/L | [197]—2014 |
phthalates | drinking water, edible vegetable oil | fiber—graphene/polyvinylchloride | GC-FID | 0.3–100 μg/L | [196]—2016 |
sulfonamides | butter | magnetic bar—1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8MIM][PF6-] | HPLC-UV | 6–300 μg/Kg | [198]—2015 |
PAHs | smoked rice | hollow fiber—MWCNTs | GC-FID | 0.02–1000 μg/Kg | [199]—2014 |
phenols | honey | fiber—SNW-1 | GC-MS | 0.1–100 μg/Kg | [188]—2016 |
organochlorine pesticides, PAHs, PCBs | honey | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS/MS | 10–3000 μg/Kg | [189]—2017 |
phenols | honey | fiber—COF-SNW-1 | GC-MS | 0.1–100 μg/Kg | [188]—2016 |
benzoylurea | honey, tea | dispersive ionic liquid (IL)-modified β-cyclodextrin/attapulgite (β-CD/ATP) | HPLC-DAD | 5–500 μg/L | [190]—2016 |
phthalates | tea | fiber—C-NH2-MIL-125 | GC-MS | 0.05–30 μg/L | [191]—2016 |
dicofol residues | tea | magnetic dispersive—magnetic molecular imprinted microspheres with DDT as template | GC-ECD | 0.2–160 μg/L | [192]—2014 |
PAHs | tea | film—agarose-chitosan-C18 | HPLC-UV | 1–500 μg/L | [193]—2017 |
acrylamide | brewed coffee and coffee powder | fiber—nine crosslinked PIL based coatings | GC-MS | 0.5–200 μg/Kg | [194]—2016 |
phthalates | coffee | fiber—crosslinked PIL-based nitinol | GC-MS | - | [195]—2014 |
Analytes | Matrix | SPME Approach and Coating Material | Instrumentation | Calibration Range | [Ref] Publishing Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAHs | urine | fiber—PDMS/DVB/PDMS | GC-MS/MS | 0.05–100 μg/L | [74]—2018 |
OH-PAHs | urine | fiber—C18/PAN | nanoESI-MS/MS | 0.1–5 μg/L | [213]—2017 |
endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) | urine | multiple monolithic fiber—1-trimethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl) aminium chloride as monomer | HPLC-DAD | 0.1–200 μg/L | [83]—2017 |
VOCs | urine | fiber—CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 2.9–1500 μg/L | [214]—2016 |
aromatic amines | urine | fiber—PDMS/DVB | GCxGC-qMS | 1–500 ng/L | [215]—2015 |
VOCs | urine | fiber—CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 2.5–100 μg/L | [216]—2017 |
organochlorine pesticides | urine | fiber—PDMS | GC–MS | 0.5–20 μg/L | [217]—2016 |
benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles, benzosulfonamides | urine | fiber—PA | GC-MS/MS | 1–100 μg/L | [14]—2014 |
organochlorine pesticides | urine | stir bar—double hydroxide/graphene (LDH-G) | GC-MS | 1–200 μg/L | [218]—2017 |
monohydroxy-PAHs | urine | in tube—inorganic–organic hybrid nanocomposite (zinc oxide/polypyrrole) | LC-MS/MS | 0.2–100 μg/L | [219]—2016 |
multiclass pesticides, PCBs | hair | fiber—PDMS–DVB | GC–MS/MS | 0.002–10 μg/Kg | [220]—2015 |
PAHs | hair | in tube—CP-Sil 19CB (14% cyanopropyl phenyl methylsilicone) | HPLC-FLD | 0.02–1 μg/Kg | [221]—2015 |
DDTs, PCBs | hair | fiber—PDMS/DVB | GC-MS | 2.5–50 ng/Kg | [222]—2014 |
perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) | blood | surface coated wooden-tip probe—n-octadecyldimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride | Orbitrap MS | 0.5–100 ng/L | [29]—2014 |
PCBs, PAHs | Serum | fiber—mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride@NiCo2O4 nanocomposite | GC-FID | 0.002–100 μg/L | [224]—2019 |
organochlorine pesticides, PCBs | Serum | fiber—PDMS | GC-MS | 3–100 μg/L | [223]—2014 |
BTEX, chlorinated solvents | meconium | fiber—CAR/PDMS | GC-MS | 0.08–9 (ng) | [225]—2014 |
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Naccarato, A.; Tagarelli, A. Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans. Separations 2019, 6, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations6040054
Naccarato A, Tagarelli A. Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans. Separations. 2019; 6(4):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations6040054
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaccarato, Attilio, and Antonio Tagarelli. 2019. "Recent Applications and Newly Developed Strategies of Solid-Phase Microextraction in Contaminant Analysis: Through the Environment to Humans" Separations 6, no. 4: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations6040054