Protein, Amino Acid, Oil, Fatty Acid, Sugar, Anthocyanin, Isoflavone, Lutein, and Antioxidant Variations in Colored Seed-Coated Soybeans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Soybean Genotypes
2.2. Protein and Amino Acids
2.3. Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition
2.4. Sugar Content
2.5. Isoflavone Content
2.6. Anthocyanin Content
2.7. Lutein Content
2.8. Antioxidants’ Potential
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Growing Conditions
4.2. Chemicals and Reagents
4.3. Protein and Amino Acids’ Analysis
4.4. Measurement of Oil and Fatty Acids
4.5. Determination of Free Sugar Content
4.6. Isoflavone Analysis
4.7. Anthocyanin Analysis
4.8. Determination of Lutein Content
4.9. Sample Extraction for ABTS, DPPH, Total Polyphenol, and Total Flavonoid Analyses
4.10. ABTS Radical Scavenging Assay
4.11. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
4.12. Measurement of Total Polyphenol Content
4.13. Measurement of Total Flavonoid Content
4.14. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SN | Genotype | Seed Coat Color | Cotyledon Color | HSW (g) | Status | Days to Maturity (Category) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cheongja2 | Black | Green | 26.0 | Cultivar | 108 (Early) |
2 | Cheongja3 | Black | Green | 32.1 | Cultivar | 117 (Mid) |
3 | Cheongja4 | Black | Green | 30.1 | Cultivar | 126 (Late) |
4 | Cheongja5 | Black | Green | 37.0 | Cultivar | 131 (Extremely late) |
5 | Cheongjakong | Black | Green | 30.4 | Cultivar | 111 (Mid) |
6 | Cheongyeob1 | Black | Yellow | 35.8 | Cultivar | 117 Mid |
7 | Daeheug | Black | Yellow | 34.3 | Cultivar | 108 (Early) |
8 | Geomjeongkong1 | Black | Yellow | 29.8 | Cultivar | 107 (Early) |
9 | Geomjeongkong2 | Black | Yellow | 28.3 | Cultivar | 112 (Mid) |
10 | Geomjeongkong3 | Black | Yellow | 31.0 | Cultivar | 111 (Mid) |
11 | Geomjeongkong4 | Black | Yellow | 28.0 | Cultivar | 107 (Early) |
12 | Geomjeongkong5 | Black | Yellow | 23.2 | Cultivar | 111 (Mid) |
13 | Heugmi | Black | Yellow | 24.8 | Cultivar | 105 (Early) |
14 | Heugsung | Black | Yellow | 29.2 | Cultivar | 110 (Early) |
15 | Ilpumgeomjeong2 | Black | Yellow | 25.0 | Cultivar | 109 (Early) |
16 | Ilpumgeomjeongkong | Black | Yellow | 28.0 | Cultivar | 102 (Early) |
17 | Jungmo3009 | Black | Green | 29.3 | Cultivar | 126 (Late) |
18 | Jungmo3011 | Black | Green | 66.4 | Cultivar | 155 (Extremely Late) |
19 | Seonheukkong | Black | Yellow | 34.2 | Cultivar | 112 (Mid) |
20 | Seoritae | Black | Green | 40.0 | Landrace | 148 (Extremely Late) |
21 | Socheong | Black | Green | 15.7 | Cultivar | 113 (Mid) |
22 | Socheong2 | Black | Green | 12.2 | Cultivar | 109 (Early) |
23 | Socheongja | Black | Green | 12.0 | Cultivar | 120 (Mid) |
24 | Taecheong | Black | Green | 44.5 | Cultivar | 127 (Late) |
25 | Tawonkong | Black | Yellow | 9.4 | Cultivar | 105 (Early) |
26 | Wonheug | Black | Yellow | 8.8 | Cultivar | 111 (Mid) |
27 | Jinyul | Brown | Yellow | 28.3 | Cultivar | 107 (Early) |
28 | Chungdu1 | Green | Green | 23.6 | Cultivar | 113 (Mid) |
29 | Jungmo3005 | Green | Green | 24.3 | Cultivar | 114 (Mid) |
Palmitic | Stearic | Oleic | Linoleic | Linolenic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palmitic | 1 | ||||
Stearic | 0.361 ** | 1 | |||
Oleic | −0.299 * | −0.411 ** | 1 | ||
Linoleic | 0.152 | 0.347 ** | −0.973 *** | 1 | |
Linolenic | 0.100 | 0.077 | −0.713 *** | 0.595 *** | 1 |
Protein | Oil | Stachyose | Raffinose | Sucrose | Glucose | Galactose | Fructose | Total Sugar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 1 | ||||||||
Oil | −0.525 **** | 1 | |||||||
Stachyose | −0.235 ** | −0.151 | 1 | ||||||
Raffinose | 0.213 ** | −0.279 * | −0.103 | 1 | |||||
Sucrose | −0.034 | 0.016 | 0.125 | 0.4367 **** | 1 | ||||
Glucose | 0.132 | 0.048 | −0.487 **** | 0.274 *** | 0.297 **** | 1 | |||
Galactose | −0.126 | −0.068 | −0.082 | 0.282 *** | 0.088 | −0.131 | 1 | ||
Fructose | −0.106 | 0.072 | −0.399 *** | −0.232 | −0.282 ** | 0.531 **** | 0.050 | 1 | |
Total sugar | −0.074 | −0.036 | 0.318 **** | 0.461 **** | 0.967 **** | 0.272 *** | 0.120 | −0.239 * | 1 |
ABTS | DPPH | Flavonoid | Polyphenol | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ABTS | 1 | |||
DPPH | 0.962 **** | 1 | ||
Flavonoid | 0.945 **** | 0.932 **** | 1 | |
Polyphenol | 0.953 **** | 0.896 **** | 0.924 **** | 1 |
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Dhungana, S.K.; Seo, J.-H.; Kang, B.-K.; Park, J.-H.; Kim, J.-H.; Sung, J.-S.; Baek, I.-Y.; Shin, S.-O.; Jung, C.-S. Protein, Amino Acid, Oil, Fatty Acid, Sugar, Anthocyanin, Isoflavone, Lutein, and Antioxidant Variations in Colored Seed-Coated Soybeans. Plants 2021, 10, 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091765
Dhungana SK, Seo J-H, Kang B-K, Park J-H, Kim J-H, Sung J-S, Baek I-Y, Shin S-O, Jung C-S. Protein, Amino Acid, Oil, Fatty Acid, Sugar, Anthocyanin, Isoflavone, Lutein, and Antioxidant Variations in Colored Seed-Coated Soybeans. Plants. 2021; 10(9):1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091765
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhungana, Sanjeev Kumar, Jeong-Hyun Seo, Beom-Kyu Kang, Ji-Hee Park, Jun-Hoi Kim, Jung-Sook Sung, In-Youl Baek, Sang-Ouk Shin, and Chan-Sik Jung. 2021. "Protein, Amino Acid, Oil, Fatty Acid, Sugar, Anthocyanin, Isoflavone, Lutein, and Antioxidant Variations in Colored Seed-Coated Soybeans" Plants 10, no. 9: 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091765