Microbial Fortification Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency and Secondary Metabolism in Lycopersicon esculentum Plants Under Cd Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Plant Growth and Treatments
2.3. Growth and Biomass Yield
2.4. Total Chlorophyll, Carotenoid Content and Total Xanthophyll Content
2.5. Gas Exchange Parameters
2.6. Phenolic Compounds
2.6.1. Total Phenols
2.6.2. Total Flavonoids
2.6.3. Total Anthocyanins
2.6.4. In Situ Localization Studies of Phenols
2.7. Osmoprotectants
2.7.1. Total Osmolytes
2.7.2. Total Carbohydrates
2.7.3. Total Reducing Sugars
2.7.4. Trehalose Content
2.7.5. Glycine Betaine Content
2.7.6. Proline Content
2.7.7. Free Amino Acid Content
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth and Biomass Yield
3.2. Photosynthetic Pigments
3.3. Gas Exchange Attributes
3.4. Phenolic Compounds
3.5. Histochemical Studies of Phenol Tagging
3.6. Osmoprotectants
3.6.1. Effect of Microbial Inoculations Upon Total Osmolytes, Carbohydrates, Reducing Sugars
3.6.2. Effect of Micro-Organisms Upon Trehalose, Glycine betaine, Proline, and Free Amino Acid Contents
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Net Photosynthetic Rate (µmol m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) | Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO2 m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) | Intracellular CO2 (µmol mol1) (Mean ± SD) | Transpiration Rate (mmol m2 s−1) (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN | 25.54 ± 0.952 c | 0.474 ± 0.02 d | 436 ± 8.42 ab | 2.453 ± 0.11 b |
Cd | 17.36 ± 0.67 e | 0.324 ± 0.007 e | 392.8 ± 4.72 d | 1.563 ± 0.10 e |
M1 | 28.33 ± 0.83 b | 0.524 ± 0.012 c | 455.6 ± 5.51 a | 2.75 ± 0.12 a |
M1+Cd | 22.44 ± 0.55 d | 0.573 ± 0.008 b | 422.9 ± 5.74 c | 1.843 ± 0.057 c |
M2 | 27.73 ± 0.53 b | 0.496 ± 0.009 cd | 442.3 ± 3.14 ab | 2.97 ± 0.09 a |
M2+Cd | 30.44 ± 0.90 a | 0.604 ± 0.007 a | 462.6 ± 7.10 a | 1.763 ± 0.04 d |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 112.3 ** | 0.238 | 42.6 ** | 523.06 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 152.3 ** | 399.6 ** | 61.94 ** | 25.10 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T x D | 86.09 * | 242.5 ** | 47.94 ** | 5.525 * |
HSD | 2.078 | 0.0287 | 16.49 | 0.254 |
Treatments | Total Phenols (Mean ± SD) | Total Flavonoids (Mean ± SD) | Total Anthocyanins (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|
CN | 15.25 ± 0.78 e | 0.772 ± 0.041 e | 2.453 ± 0.35 d |
Cd | 19.66 ± 0.70 d | 1.009 ± 0.017 c | 4.372 ± 0.27 b |
M1 | 25.61 ± 0.65 c | 0.861 ± 0.012 d | 4.050 ± 0.20 bc |
M1+Cd | 30.64 ± 0.61 b | 1.343 ± 0.019 b | 6.542 ± 0.31 a |
M2 | 21.69 ± 0.73 d | 0.946 ± 0.044 c | 5.084 ± 0.15 b |
M2+Cd | 36.02 ± 0.92 a | 1.586 ± 0.025 a | 7.154 ± 0.33 a |
F-ratio(df 1,12) T | 515.8 ** | 1005.7 ** | 279.6 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) D | 445.9 ** | 230.9 ** | 153.7 ** |
F-ratio(df 2,12) T x D | 84.66 * | 67.47 ** | 1.762 |
HSD | 2.029 | 0.0830 | 0.751 |
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Khanna, K.; Kohli, S.K.; Ohri, P.; Bhardwaj, R.; Al-Huqail, A.A.; Siddiqui, M.H.; Alosaimi, G.S.; Ahmad, P. Microbial Fortification Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency and Secondary Metabolism in Lycopersicon esculentum Plants Under Cd Stress. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100581
Khanna K, Kohli SK, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Al-Huqail AA, Siddiqui MH, Alosaimi GS, Ahmad P. Microbial Fortification Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency and Secondary Metabolism in Lycopersicon esculentum Plants Under Cd Stress. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(10):581. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100581
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanna, Kanika, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli, Puja Ohri, Renu Bhardwaj, Asma A. Al-Huqail, Manzer H. Siddiqui, Ghada Saleh Alosaimi, and Parvaiz Ahmad. 2019. "Microbial Fortification Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency and Secondary Metabolism in Lycopersicon esculentum Plants Under Cd Stress" Biomolecules 9, no. 10: 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100581