Resources

17 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dairy Goat Production: Socioeconomic, Environmental, and Cultural Importance Across Time (1970–2022) and Possible Scenarios (2050)

by Cayetano Navarrete-Molina, Cesar A. Meza-Herrera, Angeles De Santiago-Miramontes, Luis M. Valenzuela-Núñez, Ruben I. Marin-Tinoco, Miguel A. Soto-Cardenas and Maria A. Sariñana-Navarrete

Resources 2024, 13(12), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120177 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Inequality, malnutrition, poverty, and environmental degradation are some of the global challenges facing humanity. These are aggravated in the context of climate change (CC), envisioning as a utopia to guarantee food security without risking sustainability. Considering the increase in scientific attention on dairy [...] Read more.

Inequality, malnutrition, poverty, and environmental degradation are some of the global challenges facing humanity. These are aggravated in the context of climate change (CC), envisioning as a utopia to guarantee food security without risking sustainability. Considering the increase in scientific attention on dairy goat production (DGP), we aimed to carry out an exhaustive analysis regarding the evolution of DGP to determine both its socioeconomic and cultural importance during the period 1970–2022 and its possible scenarios for 2050. Over the last half century (1970–2022), dairy goats (DG; 214.01 million heads) have shown an inventory growth of 182%, and this is estimated to increase by 53.37% over the next 28 years (2023–2050). While DGP increased 196% during 1970–2022, it is projected to increase around 71.29% by 2050. Notably, however, the economic value of DGP almost quadrupled (+375%) during 1991–2022, and the same trend is estimated for 2023–2050. Historically, Asia has excelled in both goat inventory and goat milk production volume. This research highlights the crucial role of both goats and DG in the socioeconomic issues in various regions of the world, as they most often represent the only source of income for millions of smallholder families, particularly in developing countries. In the face of CC challenges, goats in general, and DG in particular, show an exceptional potential to be considered the “animal of the future” due to their refined and sophisticated ethological, adaptive, and physiological plasticity under generally clean, green, and ethical production schemes, mainly in marginal contexts in the arid and semi-arid zones of the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Hunger: Health, Production, Economics and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Evaluation of Chemical Plastic Waste Recycling: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach

by Giuliana Vinci, Laura Gobbi, Daniela Porcaro, Sara Pinzi, Miguel Carmona-Cabello and Marco Ruggeri

Resources 2024, 13(12), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120176 - 20 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2294

Abstract

Due to the high environmental burden of plastics, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental performance of chemical recycling of plastic waste through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), focusing on pyrolysis oil production as the primary output. A pyrolysis plant in Almería, Spain, was [...] Read more.

Due to the high environmental burden of plastics, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental performance of chemical recycling of plastic waste through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), focusing on pyrolysis oil production as the primary output. A pyrolysis plant in Almería, Spain, was chosen as a case study. The results indicate that the production of 1 L of pyrolysis oil from plastic waste generates about 0.032 kg CO₂ eq and a water consumption of 0.031 m³, with other impact categories registering values of less than 0.1 kg/L or 0.01 m²a crop eq/L, reducing impacts in 17 out of 18 categories compared to fossil diesel. In addition, its chemical and physical properties, close to those of fossil diesel, suggest its suitability for internal combustion engines, although as a blend rather than a complete substitute. Chemical recycling also appears to be more environmentally favorable than incineration and landfilling in all 18 impact categories, achieving significant benefits, including a reduction in global warming of −3849 kg CO₂ eq/ton, ionizing radiation of −22.4 kBq Co-60 eq/ton, and fossil resource consumption of −1807.5 kg oil eq/ton. These results, thus, highlight the potential dual role of chemical recycling of plastic waste, both in mitigating environmental impacts and in supporting circular economy goals by reducing demand for virgin plastics. However, although it appears to be a promising technology, challenges associated with high energy requirements, raw material variability, and scale infrastructure still need to be addressed to ensure industrial competitiveness and significant environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)

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15 pages, 2707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Flash Vacuum Expansion Process Increases the Bioaccessibility and Stability of Antioxidant Compounds in Papaya Puree During Digestion

by Teresita de Jesús Castillo-Romero, Leticia Xochitl López-Martínez, Marco Antonio Salgado-Cervantes, Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón, Gustavo Adolfo González-Aguilar and Manuel Vargas-Ortiz

Resources 2024, 13(12), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120175 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

Among all fruits, the papaya ranks among the most significant, occupying fourth place in terms of marketing volumes. The papaya encounters various deterioration issues throughout the marketing chain, which results in the loss of bioactive phytochemicals in the fruit’s pulp. Making puree is [...] Read more.

Among all fruits, the papaya ranks among the most significant, occupying fourth place in terms of marketing volumes. The papaya encounters various deterioration issues throughout the marketing chain, which results in the loss of bioactive phytochemicals in the fruit’s pulp. Making puree is the best way to make papaya pulp last longer, but processing can break down antioxidants like phenolic compounds (which are mostly stored in cell vacuoles) and carotenoids (which are stored in chromoplasts). The flash vacuum expansion process (FVE) promotes an expansion of the water present in the vacuoles, which generates cell rupture and consequently, the release of intracellular components. Because cell rupture is promoted from within the cell, the expulsion of bioactive compounds is more efficient and can therefore increase their bioaccessibility. Our results show that the FVE process increased the antioxidant capacity of the purees (measured by TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays) before and during digestion. Our results show that the FVE process significantly enhances the bioaccessibility and stability of antioxidant compounds, providing a clear advantage over the conventional method. Fruit purees generated by FVE can be an ingredient that increases the functionality of foods (juices, nectars, purees, ice creams, and yogurt) aimed at people with digestive problems, baby food, or the use of fruits with low commercial value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Extraction from Agricultural Products/Waste: 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electricity Production Landscape of Run-of-River Power Plants in Germany

by Reinhold Lehneis, Falk Harnisch and Daniela Thrän

Resources 2024, 13(12), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120174 - 19 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

Spatially and temporally resolved data on electricity production from run-of-river plants are very useful to study various aspects of this renewable energy at both the local and regional scale. In the absence of disaggregated feed-in data from such power plants in Germany, it [...] Read more.

Spatially and temporally resolved data on electricity production from run-of-river plants are very useful to study various aspects of this renewable energy at both the local and regional scale. In the absence of disaggregated feed-in data from such power plants in Germany, it is necessary to apply numerical simulations to determine their electricity production for a desired region and time period. We show how a simulation model can be created using publicly accessible power plant data and information from transmission system operators as model input. The developed physical model is applied to an ensemble of 7974 run-of-river plants in Germany, including those with and without water storage facilities, to simulate their electricity production for the year 2021. The resulting and spatially aggregated simulation results correlate well with the official total electricity feed-in from run-of-river plants in Germany, as well as on smaller spatial scales such as the city of Hamburg. Such disaggregated time series can be used to assess the renewable hydropower generation at different spatial and temporal levels, as each power plant is simulated with its geographical and technical data. Moreover, this study presents the electricity production landscape of run-of-river power plants in Germany as a highly resolved map and at the federal state level with related energy indicators, which enables a better monitoring of this renewable energy. The obtained results also support the expectation that the existing run-of-river plants will play an important role in the future transformation and decarbonization of the German power sector. Full article

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21 pages, 6160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for the Appraisal of Natural Values Serving the Preparation of a Landscape Audit: A Case Study from Poland

by Anna Mazur and Krystyna Kurowska

Resources 2024, 13(12), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120173 - 19 Dec 2024

Viewed by 861

Abstract

The article focuses on the development of a universal method for the appraisal of values of a natural landscape in administrative division units. The Dobre Miasto municipality serves as a case study. The municipality lies in the heart of Warmia, a region with [...] Read more.

The article focuses on the development of a universal method for the appraisal of values of a natural landscape in administrative division units. The Dobre Miasto municipality serves as a case study. The municipality lies in the heart of Warmia, a region with centuries-long historical tradition. This paper also mentions solutions adopted in Poland in the consequence of the ratification of the European Landscape Convention. Following many years of research, changes in the natural landscape and directions in the measures taken to protect it were traced. In the face of current transformations in space, efforts to protect and conserve natural wealth are difficult. Compromises are unavoidable for the sake of saving the region’s valuable natural assets while allowing its development. The aim of this study was to identify the natural values in the chosen research area, and to develop a method for their appraisal. The identification of the natural elements deserving protection substantiated rational location decisions in space. This is particularly important in the case of a natural landscape, which is difficult to evaluate and whose estimated value is often a result of a subjective assessment. The valorisation of the natural landscape in the chosen municipality allowed us to identify new areas, which at present are outside the boundaries of legally protected areas but which deserve protection owing to their highly valuable natural properties. The proposed method for the appraisal of natural values can be used in shaping a spatial policy, in spatial planning and development, and, above all, in the preparation of landscape audits. The proposed method fills the gap in the legal regulations adopted in Poland in the field of strengthening the protection of natural and cultural values since no comprehensive guidelines for the evaluation of landscape attributes for the purposes of landscape protection and development have been elaborated thus far. Full article

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24 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

From Vineyard to Value: A Circular Economy Approach to Viticulture Waste

by Mariagrazia Provenzano, Francesco Pacchera, Cecilia Silvestri and Alessandro Ruggieri

Resources 2024, 13(12), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120172 - 17 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

Due to its significant environmental impact, the wine industry is one of the most analyzed agri-food sectors in terms of sustainability. These include waste emission, intensive land use, and high transport-related carbon footprint. The circular economy represents an opportunity to mitigate these impacts [...] Read more.

Due to its significant environmental impact, the wine industry is one of the most analyzed agri-food sectors in terms of sustainability. These include waste emission, intensive land use, and high transport-related carbon footprint. The circular economy represents an opportunity to mitigate these impacts by promoting the valorization of wine waste. Through a systematic literature review, this research provides an overview of studies from 2018 to 2024 that deal with the transformation of wine waste, in particular vinification residues, into resources. The research covers the commodity sectors in which wine waste is reused, such as Food, Agriculture, and Energy. The analysis of the sample reveals that the countries in which the issue of valorization of wine waste is most studied are Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The study encourages a better integration of waste in the wine sector into business practices by assessing the environmental and economic impact. From a management point of view, the aim is to inform companies about effective waste management practices in order to promote the development of a more sustainable wine industry. Future research will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these valorization pathways, also through case studies of good practice in implementing a circular business model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)

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28 pages, 4684 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Wastewater Treatment: A Dynamic Analysis of Emerging Research Trends

by Javier De la Hoz-M, Edwan Anderson Ariza-Echeverri and Diego Vergara

Resources 2024, 13(12), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120171 - 16 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

Wastewater treatment is a critical process for ensuring water quality and public health, particularly in the context of increasing environmental challenges such as pollution and water scarcity. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology capable of optimizing various wastewater treatment processes, [...] Read more.

Wastewater treatment is a critical process for ensuring water quality and public health, particularly in the context of increasing environmental challenges such as pollution and water scarcity. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology capable of optimizing various wastewater treatment processes, such as contaminant removal, energy consumption, and cost-efficiency. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of AI applications in wastewater treatment, utilizing data from Scopus and Web of Science covering 4335 publications from 1985 to 2024. Utilizing machine learning techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms, the analysis reveals key trends in the role of the AI in optimizing wastewater treatment processes. The results show that AI has increasingly been applied to solve complex problems like membrane fouling, nutrient removal, and biofouling control. Regional contributions highlight a strong focus on advanced oxidation processes, microbial sludge treatment, and energy optimization. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model further identifies emerging topics such as real-time process monitoring and AI-driven effluent prediction as pivotal areas for future research. The findings provide valuable insights into the current state and future potential of AI technologies in wastewater management, offering a roadmap for researchers exploring the integration of AI to address sustainability challenges in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Reuse)

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25 pages, 3056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Nature Conservation Resources of Agroecology: Insights from Hungarian Farmers and Consumer Perspectives

by Annamária Harkányi and Apolka Ujj

Resources 2024, 13(12), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120170 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

This study investigated the implementation of agroecological principles on three organic farms in Hungary, focusing on four resource-focused, nature conservation-related agroecological basic elements identified by the FAO: biodiversity, interactions, recycling, and resilience. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, utilising in-depth interviews as a [...] Read more.

This study investigated the implementation of agroecological principles on three organic farms in Hungary, focusing on four resource-focused, nature conservation-related agroecological basic elements identified by the FAO: biodiversity, interactions, recycling, and resilience. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, utilising in-depth interviews as a technique to explore farmers’ practices and a questionnaire survey as a tool to assess consumer perspectives (with 63 respondents). The interviews facilitated a qualitative exploration of how agroecological practices are applied on farms, providing rich insights into the farmers’ experiences. Meanwhile, the questionnaire survey served as a structured instrument to measure consumer awareness and motivations concerning environmentally friendly farming methods. NVivo 12 software was employed for qualitative data analysis, assisting in coding and organizing responses to better understand recurring themes and patterns. The researchers found that all farms exhibited high biodiversity levels, facilitated through practices such as companion planting, crop rotation, and maintaining natural habitat patches. Agroecological farmers focus on practices suited to the landscape, fostering beneficial organisms and enhancing interactions between nature and agriculture. Integrating farm components (e.g., crops, livestock, water) promotes synergies that improve productivity and reduce reliance on external inputs. Recycling resources (like organic waste) within the farm increases efficiency, while resilience is strengthened through biodiversity, allowing farms to better withstand environmental stress. Direct marketing builds connections between producers and consumers, raising awareness of conservation practices. Consumer awareness regarding environmentally friendly agricultural practices was notably high, with findings indicating that health and ecological conservation motivations drive their purchasing decisions. This study highlights the context-dependent nature of agroecological practices, revealing that while implementation is robust, economic sustainability constraints may limit the extent to which all elements can be effectively applied. Since this research has certain limitations due to the limited sample size, expanding the study to include more farms would strengthen the findings. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the importance of integrating agroecological principles in organic farming to enhance biodiversity and foster sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

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29 pages, 7255 KiB

Open AccessReview

Solar PV End-of-Life Waste Recycling: An Assessment of Mechanical Recycling Methods and Proposed Hybrid Laser and High Voltage Pulse Crushing Method

by Amjad Ali, Muhammad Shahid, Sikandar Abdul Qadir, Md Tasbirul Islam, Muhammad Waseem Khan and Shoaib Ahmed

Resources 2024, 13(12), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120169 - 29 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

This research article investigates the recycling of end-of-life solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by analyzing various mechanical methods, including Crushing, High Voltage Pulse Crushing, Electrostatic Separation, Hot Knife Cutting, Water Jet Cutting, and Magnetic Separation. Each method’s effectiveness in extracting materials such as glass, [...] Read more.

This research article investigates the recycling of end-of-life solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by analyzing various mechanical methods, including Crushing, High Voltage Pulse Crushing, Electrostatic Separation, Hot Knife Cutting, Water Jet Cutting, and Magnetic Separation. Each method’s effectiveness in extracting materials such as glass, silicon, metals (copper, aluminum, silver, tin, lead), and EVA was evaluated. The analysis reveals that no single method is entirely sufficient for comprehensive material recovery. Based on the data analysis, a new hypothetical hybrid method, Laser and High Voltage Pulse (L&HVP), is proposed, which integrates the precision of laser irradiation with the robustness of high voltage pulse crushing. The laser irradiation step would theoretically facilitate the removal of the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant, preparing the materials for subsequent separation. The high high-voltage pulse crushing would then selectively fragment and separate the remaining components, potentially enhancing material recovery efficiency while minimizing contamination. The proposed approach is grounded in the observed limitations of existing techniques. This method aims to offer a more comprehensive and sustainable solution for solar PV module recycling. Further research and experimentation are necessary to validate the effectiveness of the L&HVP method and its potential impact on the field of solar PV recycling. Full article

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27 pages, 3690 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Performance of Different Macrophytes and Support Media in Constructed Wetlands for High Turbidity Reduction from Mine Spoil Rainwater

by Paula Cristine Silva Gomes, Isabela da Silva Pedro Rochinha, Marllus Henrique Ribeiro de Paiva and Aníbal da Fonseca Santiago

Resources 2024, 13(12), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120168 - 28 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1005

Abstract

Surface runoff in mining areas transports dissolved and suspended particles into water bodies, known as mine spoil rainwater, contributing to increases in turbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal flow wetlands, free water surface (FWS), and subsurface [...] Read more.

Surface runoff in mining areas transports dissolved and suspended particles into water bodies, known as mine spoil rainwater, contributing to increases in turbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal flow wetlands, free water surface (FWS), and subsurface flow (HSSF) in reducing turbidity >1500 NTU from a synthetic mine spoil rainwater. Macrophytes, support media, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) were analyzed. The HSSF T. domingensis in gravel #1 achieved a 99% reduction for 4-day HRT, with residual turbidity of 7 ± 3 NTU for 27.43 L m⁻² d⁻¹ HLR. The FWS P. stratiotes achieved a 99% reduction for 6-day HRT, with residual turbidity of 11 ± 5 NTU for 36.53 L m⁻² d⁻¹ HLR. P. stratiotes free root structures promoted interception of suspended colloidal particles, resulting in a better performance. The dense root structure of T. domingensis spreading through the pores of the substrate provided better efficiency than N. humboldtiana. However, N. humboldtiana proved to be promising as a native species. The use of small granulometry alkaline support media (9 to 19 mm) was highlighted. Therefore, this research proves the efficiency of constructed wetlands in reducing high turbidity and provides optimized parameters for this technology application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Ecological Restoration)

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18 pages, 10364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Hard Coal Mining on the Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence in the Urban Area (Bielszowice, Poland)

by Robert Machowski, Maksymilian Solarski, Martyna A. Rzetala, Mariusz Rzetala and Abderrahman Hamdaoui

Resources 2024, 13(12), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120167 - 28 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1535

Abstract

This article presents the results of long-term monitoring of land subsidence in the Bielszowice area (Upper Silesian Coal Basin) using archival maps from the late 19th and 20th centuries, as well as contemporary LIDAR models from 2012 and 2022. The research work conducted [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of long-term monitoring of land subsidence in the Bielszowice area (Upper Silesian Coal Basin) using archival maps from the late 19th and 20th centuries, as well as contemporary LIDAR models from 2012 and 2022. The research work conducted included an analysis of subsidence caused by mining activities based on four terrain models: a historical terrain model obtained by digitizing Messtischblätter topographic maps, showing the land surface in 1883, a terrain model obtained by vectorizing Polish topographic maps from 1993, and LIDAR digital terrain models from 2012 and 2022. The study shows that over a period of 139 years, the study area subsided by an average of 9.5 m, which translated into an anthropogenic land subsidence rate of 68 mm/year and a subsidence volume of 100.5 million m³. The greatest subsidence occurred in the northern part of the study area, where basins with depths exceeding 30 m (the maximum subsidence amounted to 36 m) emerged. During the 139 years studied, land subsidence affected the entire area that was built up until 2022. Overall, 38.9% of built-up areas subsided by less than 10 m, 54.0% was subject to subsidence ranging between 10 and 20 m, and subsidence of more than 20 m affected 7.1% of the areas. Such large-scale subsidence in an urbanized area resulted in mining damage to houses and other infrastructure (e.g., railroads, roads); in extreme cases, some structures had to be demolished. Bielszowice is a good example of an area where spatial conflicts have emerged that have been related to the activities of industrial plants on the one hand and the development of urban areas on the other. Full article

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18 pages, 5903 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Accurate Method for Solar Power Generation Estimation for Different PV (Photovoltaic Panels) Technologies

by Aissa Meflah, Fathia Chekired, Nadia Drir and Laurent Canale

Resources 2024, 13(12), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120166 - 27 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1396

Abstract

In 2023, solar photovoltaic energy alone accounted for 75% of the global increase in renewable capacity. Moreover, this natural energy resource is the one that requires the least investment, which makes it accessible to developing countries. Increasing return on investment in these regions [...] Read more.

In 2023, solar photovoltaic energy alone accounted for 75% of the global increase in renewable capacity. Moreover, this natural energy resource is the one that requires the least investment, which makes it accessible to developing countries. Increasing return on investment in these regions requires a particular evaluation of environmental parameters influencing PV systems performance. Higher temperatures decrease PV module efficiency and, as a result, their power output. Additionally, fluctuations in solar irradiance directly impact the energy generated by these systems. Consequently, it is essential for investors to improve accurate predictive models that assess the power generation capacity of photovoltaic systems under local environmental conditions. Therefore, accurate estimation of maximum power generation is then crucial for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) system performances and selecting suitable PV modules for specific climates. In this context, this study presents an experimental comparison of three maximum power prediction methods for four PV module types (amorphous silicon, monocrystalline silicon, micromorphous silicon, and polycrystalline silicon) under real outdoor conditions. Experimental data gathered over the course of a year are analyzed and processed for the four PV technologies. Three different methods taking into account environmental parameters are presented and analyzed. The first estimation method utilizes irradiance as the primary input parameter, while two additional methods incorporate ambient temperature and PV module temperature for enhanced accuracy. The performance of each method is evaluated using standard statistical metrics, including the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of all three methods, with RMSE values ranging from 1.6 W to 3.8 W and R² values consistently above 0.95. The most appropriate method for estimating PV power output is determined by the specific type of photovoltaic module and the availability of meteorological parameters. This study provides valuable insights for selecting an appropriate maximum power prediction method and choosing the most suitable PV module for a given climate. Full article

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34 pages, 3125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Material Flow Analysis: An Analytical Tool for Strategic Planning Towards a Zero-Waste Solution for End-of-Life Ballast Flows on a Track and Ballast Renewal Site (French Conventional Line)

by Olivier Giboulot, Emmanuel Lemelin, Christophe Binetruy and Nor-Edine Abriak

Resources 2024, 13(12), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120165 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2164

Abstract

The 27,000 km of railway track in France represents approximately 100 million tonnes of ballast. This ballast requires maintenance approximately every 7 years, screening and partial renewal every 20 years, and complete replacement every 40 years. Despite its shortcomings, ballast is still widely [...] Read more.

The 27,000 km of railway track in France represents approximately 100 million tonnes of ballast. This ballast requires maintenance approximately every 7 years, screening and partial renewal every 20 years, and complete replacement every 40 years. Despite its shortcomings, ballast is still widely used on railways worldwide, as there is no better or more efficient solution currently available. In an effort to conserve resources, companies such as SNCF (French national railway company) are implementing initiatives to move towards zero waste. In order to achieve the goal of promoting the recycling and recovery of end-of-life material flows, it is necessary to develop specific studies and models for production, such as direct and reverse logistics systems. This article proposes a generic material flow analysis model applied to a track and ballast renewal site, aiming to fill a gap in the literature. It is based on data from eleven track and ballast renewal sites. A flow diagram generated by STAN software presents a detailed diagnosis of ballast inputs, outputs, and stocks, including data uncertainty. The distribution of the material flows through the model is characterized by transfer coefficients in various transformation processes. Furthermore, by varying the quantities in this model, it is possible to study different scenarios based on the current situation. This will facilitate the projection and analysis of future management strategies aimed at achieving zero waste and reducing the discharge of toxic substances based on specific performance indicators. Full article

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24 pages, 1851 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Food Waste to Food Security: Transition from Bioresources to Sustainability

by Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Priti Pal, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Uttam Kumar Sahoo and Piotr Prus

Resources 2024, 13(12), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120164 - 25 Nov 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5500

Abstract

The transition from food waste to food security is a critical component of sustainability efforts. This approach focuses on repurposing organic waste products generated throughout the food supply chain into valuable resources. Food waste, encompassing everything from agricultural residues to post-consumer waste, represents [...] Read more.

The transition from food waste to food security is a critical component of sustainability efforts. This approach focuses on repurposing organic waste products generated throughout the food supply chain into valuable resources. Food waste, encompassing everything from agricultural residues to post-consumer waste, represents a significant untapped potential that can be harnessed to enhance food security. By implementing strategies such as composting, bioconversion, and innovative recycling technologies, biowastes can be transformed into fertilizers, animal feed, and even new food products, thus closing the loop in the food system and aiding sustainable solutions for waste valorization. This transition not only addresses environmental concerns by reducing landfill waste and greenhouse gas emissions but also contributes to economic sustainability by creating new opportunities within the food production and waste management sectors. Ultimately, transforming food waste into a resource aligns with the broader goals of a circular economy, ensuring a sustainable, resilient, and food-secure future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Use of Biological Resources)

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22 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking Economic and Environmental Gains Through Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling for Electric Vehicles

by Bianca Ifeoma Chigbu and Ikechukwu Umejesi

Resources 2024, 13(12), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120163 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Amid South Africa’s shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), building a lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling sector is essential for promoting sustainable development and generating employment opportunities. This study employs qualitative methodologies to collect insights from 12 critical stakeholders in the automotive, mining, and recycling [...] Read more.

Amid South Africa’s shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), building a lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling sector is essential for promoting sustainable development and generating employment opportunities. This study employs qualitative methodologies to collect insights from 12 critical stakeholders in the automotive, mining, and recycling sectors and academia to examine the feasibility and advantages of establishing such an industry. We implemented purposeful and snowball sampling to guarantee an exhaustive array of viewpoints. Thematic analysis of the interview data reveals that LIB recycling has substantial social, environmental, and economic implications. The results emphasize the pressing necessity of recycling infrastructure to mitigate environmental impacts and attract investment. The economic feasibility and employment potential of LIB recycling is promising despite the early stage of the EV industry in South Africa. These potentials are influenced by EV adoption rates, technological advancements, regulatory frameworks, and industry growth. In this sector, employment opportunities are available in various phases: battery collection, transportation, disassembly, testing, mechanical crushing, hydrometallurgical processes, valuable metal recovery, manufacturing, reuse, research and development, and administrative roles. Each of these roles necessitates a unique set of skills. This interdisciplinary research investigates vital elements of economic growth, employment creation, environmental sustainability, policymaking, technological innovation, and global collaboration. The study offers valuable guidance to policymakers and industry stakeholders trying to establish a sustainable and robust LIB recycling industry in South Africa by utilizing Transition Management Theory to develop a framework for improving the sustainability and circularity of the EV LIB recycling sector. Full article

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