Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization of Apple Orchard on Soil Mineral Nitrogen Content, Yielding of the Apple Trees and Nutritional Status of Leaves and Fruits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Nitrogen Content
- (1)
- Before applying nitrogen fertilizer (April);
- (2)
- Five weeks after applying nitrogen fertilizer (May);
- (3)
- Nine weeks after applying nitrogen fertilizer (June).
2.2. Yielding of the Apple Trees
2.3. Nutritional Status of Leaves and Fruits
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mineral Nitrogen Content in the Soil
3.2. Leaf Nutrient Status
3.3. Yielding of Apple Trees
3.4. Fruit Nutrient Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Sampling Place | Sampling Time | Nitrogen Fertilization | Soil Layer [cm] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–30 | 30–60 | 60–90 | ||||
2011 | herbicyde strips | April | N-0 | 29.80 ± 0.70 | 12.32 ± 4.93 | 6.72 ± 2.98 |
N-50 | 33.10 ± 6.14 | 24.03 ± 10.98 | 16.56 ± 9.19 | |||
N-100 | 26.46 ± 4.53 | 24.06 ± 8.04 | 33.76 ± 13.16 | |||
N-100G | 41.62 ± 2.89 | 24.13 ± 7.53 | 14.78 ± 9.19 | |||
May | N-0 | 26.73 ± 5.64 | 20.83 ± 5.12 | 11.86 ± 5.50 | ||
N-50 | 66.97 ± 15.24 | 26.56 ± 8.00 | 19.96 ± 7.80 | |||
N-100 | 55.87 ± 10.90 | 49.97 ± 18.36 | 35.90 ± 10.24 | |||
N-100G | 30.24 ± 5.84 | 25.27 ± 7.58 | 13.74 ± 12.33 | |||
June | N-0 | 22.97 ± 8.73 | 23.80 ± 2.04 | 19.70 ± 5.54 | ||
N-50 | 35.73 ± 2.09 | 33.93 ± 7.50 | 31.40 ± 15.99 | |||
N-100 | 67.93 ± 16.69 | 70.47 ± 24.06 | 72.93 ± 16.90 | |||
N-100G | 28.63 ± 7.52 | 42.20 ± 28.54 | 31.50 ± 15.39 | |||
grass alleyways | April | N-0 | 30.46 ± 12.05 | 17.23 ± 4.40 | 7.11 ± 3.02 | |
N-50 | 34.77 ± 5.07 | 17.40 ± 5.16 | 14.29 ± 8.66 | |||
N-100 | 38.80 ± 3.42 | 20.20 ± 1.91 | 15.50 ± 4.61 | |||
N-100G | 23.00 ± 9.86 | 14.43 ± 0.61 | 11.95 ± 3.86 | |||
May | N-0 | 34.80 ± 12.45 | 22.57 ± 11.16 | 11.59 ± 5.72 | ||
N-50 | 26.33 ± 6.15 | 24.93 ± 5.13 | 19.97 ± 4.67 | |||
N-100 | 79.30 ± 14.26 | 33.03 ± 12.55 | 21.47 ± 9.23 | |||
N-100G | 71.93 ± 16.08 | 35.80 ± 6.50 | 43.30 ± 13.88 | |||
June | N-0 | 22.33 ± 7.31 | 22.27 ± 11.98 | 16.43 ± 4.78 | ||
N-50 | 25.87 ± 8.56 | 18.96 ± 2.15 | 14.80 ± 6.82 | |||
N-100 | 63.23 ± 39.69 | 34.43 ± 2.99 | 37.03 ± 23.70 | |||
N-100G | 32.77 ± 6.23 | 25.63 ± 7.11 | 14.66 ± 4.55 | |||
2012 | herbicyde strips | April | N-0 | 35.80 ± 6.93 | 17.63 ± 8.31 | 10.49 ± 2.84 |
N-50 | 48.40 ± 9.17 | 28.30 ± 13.81 | 16.58 ± 6.32 | |||
N-100 | 56.00 ± 17.15 | 94.40 ± 7.03 | 69.03 ± 24.18 | |||
N-100G | 39.87 ± 10.92 | 37.80 ± 5.12 | 27.17 ± 8.77 | |||
May | N-0 | 38.50 ± 3.62 | 26.66 ± 6.77 | 20.63 ± 11.91 | ||
N-50 | 99.67 ± 4.93 | 38.03 ± 22.26 | 15.53 ± 0.40 | |||
N-100 | 98.90 ± 22.67 | 66.20 ± 16.00 | 57.10 ± 17.23 | |||
N-100G | 38.56 ± 12.26 | 29.26 ± 0.80 | 9.85 ± 2.59 | |||
June | N-0 | 34.43 ± 16.00 | 49.63 ± 31.26 | 45.93 ± 4.37 | ||
N-50 | 53.93 ± 37.70 | 18.27 ± 8.60 | 18.37 ± 9.66 | |||
N-100 | 160.70 ± 59.88 | 105.97 ± 8.59 | 90.33 ± 10.03 | |||
N-100G | 65.80 ± 24.11 | 26.73 ± 6.32 | 11.53 ± 5.23 | |||
grass alleyways | April | N-0 | 26.00 ± 9.72 | 11.56 ± 3.11 | 8.68 ± 1.58 | |
N-50 | 47.47 ± 13.42 | 21.40 ± 1.13 | 21.17 ± 13.96 | |||
N-100 | 30.93 ± 9.01 | 25.67 ± 11.57 | 12.29 ± 6.30 | |||
N-100G | 28.33 ± 11.35 | 19.46 ± 7.46 | 20.45 ± 7.57 | |||
May | N-0 | 32.30 ± 10.14 | 14.06 ± 9.09 | 10.90 ± 4.62 | ||
N-50 | 36.40 ± 7.76 | 19.23 ± 3.95 | 8.46 ± 1.99 | |||
N-100 | 67.20 ± 0.00 | 44.50 ± 26.44 | 26.60 ± 20.90 | |||
N-100G | 79.23 ± 2.56 | 39.96 ± 25.13 | 19.67 ± 5.61 | |||
June | N-0 | 52.17 ± 26.55 | 21.53 ± 13.01 | 25.53 ± 22.68 | ||
N-50 | 55.47 ± 26.32 | 23.63 ± 3.21 | 22.97 ± 15.47 | |||
N-100 | 74.87 ± 18.50 | 35.00 ± 0.10 | 7.91 ± 3.84 | |||
N-100G | 21.07 ± 6.73 | 29.47 ± 22.76 | 15.00 ± 3.83 | |||
Year | p = 0.002 | p = 0.039 | p = 0.475 | |||
Sampling place | p = 0.095 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Time of the sampling | p = 0.003 | p = 0.047 | p = 0.020 | |||
Nitrogen fertilization | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Year × sampling place | p = 0.003 | p = 0.071 | p = 0.14 | |||
Year × time of the sampling | p = 0.14 | p = 0.058 | p = 0.44 | |||
Year × nitrogen fertilization | p = 0.298 | p = 0.024 | p = 0.277 | |||
Sampling place × time of the sampling | p = 0.544 | p = 0.254 | p = 0.061 | |||
Sampling place × nitrogen fertilization | p = 0.12 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Time of the sampling × nitrogen fertilization | p = 0.001 | p = 0.556 | p = 0.250 | |||
Year × sampling place × time of sampling | p = 0.828 | p = 0.601 | p = 0.870 | |||
Year × sampling place × nitrogen fertilization | p = 0.049 | p = 0.020 | p = 0.013 | |||
Year × sampling place × nitrogen fertilization × time of sampling | p = 0.176 | p = 0.065 | p = 0.10 |
Year | Sampling Place | Sampling Time | Soil Layer [cm] | Nitrogen Fertilization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-0 | N-50 | N-100 | N-100G | ||||
2011 | herbicyde strips | April | 0–30 | 29.80 ± 0.70 | 33.10 ± 6.14 | 26.46 ± 4.53 | 41.62 ± 2.89 |
30–60 | 12.32 ± 4.93 | 24.03 ± 10.98 | 24.06 ± 8.04 | 24.13 ± 7.53 | |||
60–90 | 6.72 ± 2.98 | 16.56 ± 9.19 | 33.76 ± 13.16 | 14.78 ± 9.19 | |||
May | 0–30 | 26.73 ± 5.64 | 66.97 ± 15.24 | 55.87 ± 10.90 | 30.24 ± 5.84 | ||
30–60 | 20.83 ± 5.12 | 26.56 ± 8.00 | 49.97 ± 18.36 | 25.27 ± 7.58 | |||
60–90 | 11.86 ± 5.50 | 19.96 ± 7.80 | 35.90 ± 10.24 | 13.74 ± 12.33 | |||
June | 0–30 | 22.97 ± 8.73 | 35.73 ± 2.09 | 67.93 ± 16.69 | 28.63 ± 7.52 | ||
30–60 | 23.80 ± 2.04 | 33.93 ± 7.50 | 70.47 ± 24.06 | 42.20 ± 28.54 | |||
60–90 | 19.70 ± 5.54 | 31.40 ± 15.99 | 72.93 ± 16.90 | 31.50 ± 15.39 | |||
grass alleyways | April | 0–30 | 30.46 ± 12.05 | 34.77 ± 5.07 | 38.80 ± 3.42 | 23.00 ± 9.86 | |
30–60 | 17.23 ± 4.40 | 17.40 ± 5.16 | 20.20 ± 1.91 | 14.43 ± 0.61 | |||
60–90 | 7.11 ± 3.02 | 14.29 ± 8.66 | 15.50 ± 4.61 | 11.95 ± 3.86 | |||
May | 0–30 | 34.80 ± 12.45 | 26.33 ± 6.15 | 79.30 ± 14.26 | 71.93 ± 16.08 | ||
30–60 | 22.57 ± 11.16 | 24.93 ± 5.13 | 33.03 ± 12.55 | 35.80 ± 6.50 | |||
60–90 | 11.59 ± 5.72 | 19.97 ± 4.67 | 21.47 ± 9.23 | 43.30 ± 13.88 | |||
June | 0–30 | 22.33 ± 7.31 | 25.87 ± 8.56 | 63.23 ± 39.69 | 32.77 ± 6.23 | ||
30–60 | 22.27 ± 11.98 | 18.96 ± 2.15 | 34.43 ± 2.99 | 25.63 ± 7.11 | |||
60–90 | 16.43 ± 4.78 | 14.80 ± 6.82 | 37.03 ± 23.70 | 14.66 ± 4.55 | |||
2012 | herbicyde strips | April | 0–30 | 35.80 ± 6.93 | 48.40 ± 9.17 | 56.00 ± 17.15 | 39.87 ± 10.92 |
30–60 | 17.63 ± 8.31 | 28.30 ± 13.81 | 94.40 ± 7.03 | 37.80 ± 5.12 | |||
60–90 | 10.49 ± 2.84 | 16.58 ± 6.32 | 69.03 ± 24.18 | 27.17 ± 8.77 | |||
May | 0–30 | 38.50 ± 3.62 | 99.67 ± 4.93 | 98.90 ± 22.67 | 38.56 ± 12.26 | ||
30–60 | 26.66 ± 6.77 | 38.03 ± 22.26 | 66.20 ± 16.00 | 29.26 ± 0.80 | |||
60–90 | 20.63 ± 11.91 | 15.53 ± 0.40 | 57.10 ± 17.23 | 9.85 ± 2.59 | |||
June | 0–30 | 34.43 ± 16.00 | 53.93 ± 37.70 | 160.70 ± 59.88 | 65.80 ± 24.11 | ||
30–60 | 49.63 ± 31.26 | 18.27 ± 8.60 | 105.97 ± 8.59 | 26.73 ± 6.32 | |||
60–90 | 45.93 ± 4.37 | 18.37 ± 9.66 | 90.33 ± 10.03 | 11.53 ± 5.23 | |||
grass alleyways | April | 0–30 | 26.00 ± 9.72 | 47.47 ± 13.42 | 30.93 ± 9.01 | 28.33 ± 11.35 | |
30–60 | 11.56 ± 3.11 | 21.40 ± 1.13 | 25.67 ± 11.57 | 19.46 ± 7.46 | |||
60–90 | 8.68 ± 1.58 | 21.17 ± 13.96 | 12.29 ± 6.30 | 20.45 ± 7.57 | |||
May | 0–30 | 32.30 ± 10.14 | 36.40 ± 7.76 | 67.20 ± 0.00 | 79.23 ± 2.56 | ||
30–60 | 14.06 ± 9.09 | 19.23 ± 3.95 | 44.50 ± 26.44 | 39.96 ± 25.13 | |||
60–90 | 10.90 ± 4.62 | 8.46 ± 1.99 | 26.60 ± 20.90 | 19.67 ± 5.61 | |||
June | 0–30 | 52.17 ± 26.55 | 55.47 ± 26.32 | 74.87 ± 18.50 | 21.07 ± 6.73 | ||
30–60 | 21.53 ± 13.01 | 23.63 ± 3.21 | 35.00 ± 0.10 | 29.47 ± 22.76 | |||
60–90 | 25.53 ± 22.68 | 22.97 ± 15.47 | 7.91 ± 3.84 | 15.00 ± 3.83 | |||
Year | p = 0.006 | p = 0.18 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.719 | |||
Sampling place | p = 0.192 | p = 0.013 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.881 | |||
Time of the sampling | p = 0.002 | p = 0.395 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.052 | |||
Soil layer | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.002 | p < 0.0001 | |||
Year × sampling place | p = 0.079 | p = 0.876 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.484 | |||
Year × time of the sampling | p = 0.018 | p = 0.979 | p = 0.851 | p = 0.639 | |||
Year × soil layer | p = 0.652 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.425 | p = 0.358 | |||
Sampling place × time of the sampling | p = 0.018 | p = 0.979 | p = 0.851 | p = 0.639 | |||
Sampling place × soil layer | p = 0.322 | p = 0.079 | p = 0.259 | p = 0.598 | |||
Time of the sampling × soil layer | p = 0.156 | p = 0.183 | p = 0.185 | p = 0.206 | |||
Year × sampling place × time of sampling | p = 0.907 | p = 0.196 | p = 0.424 | p = 0.941 | |||
Year × sampling place × soil layer | p = 0.437 | p = 0.680 | p = 0.524 | p = 0.430 | |||
Year × sampling place × soil layer × time of sampling | p = 0.271 | p = 0.996 | p = 0.871 | p = 0.0006 |
Macroelement | Year | Nitrogen Fertilization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-0 | N-50 | N-100 | N-100G | ||
N | 2010 | a 1.91 ± 0.11 A | a 2.11 ± 0.07 B | a 2.15 ± 0.10 B | a 2.11 ± 0.03 B |
2011 | a 1.92 ± 0.29 A | b 2.32 ± 0.09 B | b 2.37 ± 0.08 B | a 2.28 ± 0.11 B | |
2012 | a 1.81 ± 0.07 A | ab 2.23 ± 0.06 B | ab 2.26 ± 0.07 B | a 2.21 ± 0.08 B | |
P | 2010 | a 0.29 ± 0.001 B | a 0.16 ± 0.01 A | a 0.15 ± 0.002 A | a 0.17 ± 0.01 A |
2011 | a 0.30 ± 0.07 B | a 0.18 ± 0.01 A | a 0.16 ± 0.01 A | a 0.17 ± 0.01 A | |
2012 | a 0.29 ± 0.03 B | a 0.17 ± 0.01 A | a 0.16 ± 0.002 A | a 0.17 ± 0.008 A | |
K | 2010 | a 1.54 ± 0.04 B | b 1.22 ± 0.10 A | b 1.31 ± 0.11 A | a 1.34 ± 0.18 AB |
2011 | a 1.56 ± 0.17 B | a 1.06 ± 0.08 A | a 1.24 ± 0.03 A | a 1.14 ± 0.17 A | |
2012 | a 1.55 ± 0.09 B | ab 1.15 ± 0.06 A | ab 1.28 ± 0.07 A | a 1.24 ± 0.17 A | |
Mg | 2010 | a 0.18 ± 0.01 A | a 0.27 ± 0.01 B | a 0.24 ± 0.02 B | a 0.24 ± 0.03 B |
2011 | b 0.25 ± 0.02 A | b 0.30 ± 0.02 B | b 0.29 ± 0.02 B | b 0.30 ± 0.03 B | |
2012 | ab 0.22 ± 0.02 A | ab 0.28 ± 0.01 B | ab 0.27 ± 0.01 B | ab 0.27 ± 0.02 B | |
Ca | 2010 | a 2.14 ± 0.04 A | a 2.14 ± 0.03 A | a 2.14 ± 0.06 A | a 2.12 ± 0.03 A |
2011 | a 2.18 ± 0.05 A | a 2.15 ± 0.05 A | a 2.13 ± 0.04 A | a 2.16 ± 0.06 A | |
2012 | a 2.17 ± 0.02 A | a 2.14 ± 0.01 A | a 2.15 ± 0.01 A | a 2.15 ± 0.02 A |
Year | Nitrogen Fertilization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N-0 | N-50 | N-100 | N-100G | |
2010 | a 9.52 ± 2.61 A | a 12.01 ± 1.62 A | a 13.25 ± 2.23 A | a 11.31 ± 1.41 A |
2011 | ab 16.77 ± 6.97 A | ab 20.13 ± 8.48 A | b 18.27 ± 3.13 A | b 18.21 ± 6.51 A |
2012 | b 24.60 ± 5.62 A | b28.25 ± 3.90 A | c 30.79 ± 2.84 A | c 28.46 ± 3.22 A |
Macroelement | Year | Nitrogen Fertilization | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-0 | N-50 | N-100 | N-100G | ||
N | 2010 | a 0.27 ± 0.044 A | a 0.32 ± 0.024 BC | a 0.33 ± 0.0095 C | a 0.28 ± 0.011 AB |
2011 | a 0.21 ± 0.069 A | a 0.32 ± 0.032 B | a 0.34 ± 0.024 B | a 0.28 ± 0.017 AB | |
2012 | a 0.24 ± 0.055 A | a 0.32 ± 0.029 B | a 0.33 ± 0.011 B | a 0.32 ± 0.010 B | |
P | 2010 | b 0.10 ± 0.0047 A | a 0.094 ± 0.0067 A | b 0.096 ± 0.0084 A | b 0.095 ± 0.0046 A |
2011 | a 0.086 ± 0.0043 A | a 0.085 ± 0.0065 A | a 0.080 ± 0.0026 A | a 0.083 ± 0.0064 A | |
2012 | b 0.098 ± 0.0029 B | a 0.089 ± 0.0061 AB | ab 0.089 ± 0.0042 A | ab 0.090 ± 0.054 AB | |
K | 2010 | a 0.78 ± 0.071 A | a 0.68 ± 0.047 A | a 0.71 ± 0.066 A | a 0.67 ± 0.016 A |
2011 | a 0.74 ± 0.031 A | b 0.75 ± 0.011 A | a 0.69 ± 0.016 A | a 0.72 ± 0.075 A | |
2012 | a 0.76 ± 0.022 B | ab 0.72 ± 0.019 AB | a 0.70 ± 0.039 A | a 0.69 ± 0.035 A | |
Mg | 2010 | a 0.033 ± 0.0022 A | a 0.032 ± 0.0019 A | a 0.036 ± 0.0079 A | a 0.031 ± 0.0013 A |
2011 | a 0.032 ± 0.0030 A | a 0.035 ± 0.00033 A | a 0.033 ± 0.002 A | a 0.034 ± 0.0021 A | |
2012 | a 0.033 ± 0.0043 A | a 0.032 ± 0.00016 A | a 0.035 ± 0.0064 A | a 0.032 ± 0.0011 A | |
Ca | 2010 | a 0.043 ± 0.0012 A | a 0.036 ± 0.0067 A | a 0.037 ± 0.0024 A | a 0.035 ± 0.0065 A |
2011 | a 0.035 ± 0.0074 A | a 0.031 ± 0.0037 A | a 0.032 ± 0.0059 A | a 0.032 ± 0.0087 A | |
2012 | a 0.041 ± 0.0035 A | a 0.034 ± 0.0010 A | a 0.036 ± 0.0029 A | a 0.033 ± 0.0042 A |
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Kowalczyk, W.; Wrona, D.; Przybyłko, S. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization of Apple Orchard on Soil Mineral Nitrogen Content, Yielding of the Apple Trees and Nutritional Status of Leaves and Fruits. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2169. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122169
Kowalczyk W, Wrona D, Przybyłko S. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization of Apple Orchard on Soil Mineral Nitrogen Content, Yielding of the Apple Trees and Nutritional Status of Leaves and Fruits. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2169. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122169
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalczyk, Wojciech, Dariusz Wrona, and Sebastian Przybyłko. 2022. "Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization of Apple Orchard on Soil Mineral Nitrogen Content, Yielding of the Apple Trees and Nutritional Status of Leaves and Fruits" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2169. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122169