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Volume 13
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10.3390/jcm13216487
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Article

Mood, Quality of Life, and Immune Fitness During the COVID-19 Pandemic of Young Adults in Germany

by
Pauline A. Hendriksen
1,
Pantea Kiani
1,
Anna Helin Koyun
2,
Johan Garssen
1,3,
Ann-Kathrin Stock
2 and
Joris C. Verster
1,2,4,*
1
Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
3
Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
4
Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6487; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216487
Submission received: 8 October 2024 / Revised: 24 October 2024 / Accepted: 27 October 2024 / Published: 29 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)
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Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected young adults’ lives globally, including those in Germany. This study investigated mental health and quality of life during the pandemic, with a particular focus on mood. Immune fitness, the body’s capacity to respond to health challenges (such as infections) by activating an appropriate immune response, was assessed as a physical health indicator. Methods: Data were collected from 317 participants, aged 18 to 35, via an online survey conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. Participants included 103 men (32.5%) and 214 women (67.5%), with a mean age of 25.5 years (SD = 4.1). Results: Compared to pre-pandemic levels, significant declines in mood, quality of life, immune fitness, and sleep quality were observed during the lockdown periods of the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.0125). The most pronounced effects were observed during the second lockdown, with declines extending into the second no-lockdown period for fatigue, depression, happiness, optimism, and immune fitness (p < 0.0125). Significant sex differences were found for the magnitude of mood effects (anxiety, depression, stress). No significant differences were found according to age or occupational status (student vs. work). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown periods had a significant negative effect on the mood, immune fitness, and well-being of young adults living in Germany.
Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; mood; stress; quality of life; immune fitness COVID-19; lockdown; mood; stress; quality of life; immune fitness

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hendriksen, P.A.; Kiani, P.; Koyun, A.H.; Garssen, J.; Stock, A.-K.; Verster, J.C. Mood, Quality of Life, and Immune Fitness During the COVID-19 Pandemic of Young Adults in Germany. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6487. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216487

AMA Style

Hendriksen PA, Kiani P, Koyun AH, Garssen J, Stock A-K, Verster JC. Mood, Quality of Life, and Immune Fitness During the COVID-19 Pandemic of Young Adults in Germany. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(21):6487. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216487

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hendriksen, Pauline A., Pantea Kiani, Anna Helin Koyun, Johan Garssen, Ann-Kathrin Stock, and Joris C. Verster. 2024. "Mood, Quality of Life, and Immune Fitness During the COVID-19 Pandemic of Young Adults in Germany" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 21: 6487. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216487

APA Style

Hendriksen, P. A., Kiani, P., Koyun, A. H., Garssen, J., Stock, A.-K., & Verster, J. C. (2024). Mood, Quality of Life, and Immune Fitness During the COVID-19 Pandemic of Young Adults in Germany. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(21), 6487. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216487

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