Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population—Cohort-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Assessments
2.2. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Selected Geriatric Scales and Tests
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Subgroup with a Serological Profile of Past Hepatitis B
3.2. Characteristics of the Subgroup with a Serological Status Characteristic for Vaccinated Against Hepatitis B
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. Hepatitis B. Available online: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b (accessed on 18 April 2024).
- Chang, M.S.; Nguyen, M.H. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and the role of vaccination. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2017, 31, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, P.; Markowitz, G.J.; Wang, X.F. The hepatitis B virus-associated tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2014, 1, 396–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trépo, C.; Chan, H.L.; Lok, A. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 2014, 384, 2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego–Państwowy Zakład Higieny. Available online: https://wwwold.pzh.gov.pl/oldpage/epimeld/inne/Def_PL2_5.pdf (accessed on 18 April 2024).
- Bruce, M.G.; Bruden, D.; Hurlburt, D. Antibody Levels and Protection After Hepatitis B Vaccine: Results of a 30-Year Follow-up Study and Response to a Booster Dose. J. Inf. Dis. 2016, 214, 16–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, N.P.; Easterbrook, P.J.; McMahon, B.J. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 2016, 20, 607–628, Erratum in Clin. Liver Dis. 2017, 21, XIII. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juszczyk, J.; Flisiak, R.; Halota, W. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B. Zakażenia 2011, 6, 154–157. [Google Scholar]
- Announcement of the Chief Sanitary Inspector of 22 December 2020 regarding the Vaccination Program for 2021. Available online: https://dziennikmz.mz.gov.pl/DUM_MZ/2020/117/akt.pdf (accessed on 5 July 2024).
- Recommendations for the Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis B in 2018 by Polish Group of Experts for HBV. Available online: http://www.pasl.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Rekomendacje-Polskiej-Grupy-Ekspertow-HBV-2018.pdf (accessed on 5 July 2024).
- Byrd, K.K.; Lu, P.; Murphy, T.V. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health-care personnel in the United States. Public Health Rep. 2013, 128, 498–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fortunato, F.; Tafuri, S.; Cozza, V.; Martinelli, D.; Prato, R. Low vaccination coverage among Italian healthcare workers in 2013. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2015, 11, 133–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, P.J.; Hung, M.C.; Srivastav, A.; Williams, W.W.; Harris, A.M. Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Adults With Diabetes Mellitus, U.S., 2018. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2021, 61, 652–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wierucki, Ł.; Kujawska-Danecka, H.; Mossakowska, M.; Grodzicki, T.; Błędowski, P.; Chudek, J.; Kostka, T.; Więcek, A.; Hajduk, A.; Bandosz, P.; et al. Health status and its socio-economic covariates in the older population in Poland–the assumptions and methods of the nationwide, cross-sectional PolSenior2 survey. Arch. Med. Sci. 2020, 18, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawton, M.P.; Brody, E.M. Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969, 9, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne (PTD). 2020 Guidelines on the management of diabetic patients. A position of Diabetes Poland. Clin. Diabetol. 2020, 9, 1–101. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, B.; Mancia, G.; Spiering, W.; Agabiti Rosei, E.; Azizi, M.; Burnier, M.; Clement, D.L.; Coca, A.; de Simone, G.; Dominiczak, A.; et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 3021–3104, Erratum in Eur. Heart J. 2019, 40, 475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Narendranathan, M.; Philip, M. Reusable needles—A major risk factor for acute virus B hepatitis. Trop. Doct. 1993, 23, 64–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woods, R. Prevention of transmission of hepatitis B in dental practice. Int. Dent. J. 1984, 34, 122–126. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, A.G.; McAdam, W.A.; Walker, B.E. Hepatitis B and endoscopy. Br. Med. J. 1978, 1, 369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, H.; Shen, B. Health care-associated transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in endoscopy units. Clin. Liver Dis. 2010, 14, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ainley, L.I.; Hewitt, P.E. Haematology patients and the risk of transfusion transmitted infection. Br. J. Haematol. 2018, 180, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Infected Blood Inquiry. The Report. Available online: https://www.infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk/sites/default/files/Volume_1.pdf (accessed on 25 June 2024).
- ECDC Prevention of Hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA. Available online: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Evidence-brief-hepatitis-B-C-prevention-EU-EEA-2024_0.pdf (accessed on 24 May 2024).
- Ke, Z.P.; Gong, M.; Zhao, G.; Geng, Y.; Cheng, K. Association between HBV Infection and the Prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease in the US Population. Comput. Math. Methods Med. 2022, 2022, 5062798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wijarnpreecha, K.; Thongprayoon, C.; Panjawatanan, P.; Ungprasert, P. Hepatitis B virus infection and risk of coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. Ann. Transl. Med. 2016, 4, 423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puro, V.; De Carli, G.; Scognamiglio, P.; Porcasi, R.; Ippolito, G.; Studio Italiano Rischio Occupazionale HIV. Risk of HIV and other blood-borne infections in the cardiac setting: Patient-to-provider and provider-to-patient transmission. Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci. 2001, 946, 291–309. [Google Scholar]
- Vu, T.T.M.; Le, T.V.; Dang, A.K.; Nguyen, L.H.; Nguyen, B.C.; Tran, B.X.; Latkin, C.A.; Ho, C.S.H.; Ho, R.C.M. Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.J.; Han, K.T.; Lee, S.Y.; Park, E.C. Quality of life correlation with socioeconomic status in Korean hepatitis-B patients: A cross sectional study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2015, 13, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stępień, M.; Kowalczyk, M. Hepatitis B in Poland in 2021. Przegl Epidemiol. 2023, 77, 359–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Chen, X.; Yu, M.; Yu, S.; Sun, Y.; Duan, J.; Sun, H.; Yuan, P. Short-term immunogenicity of standard and accelerated hepatitis B virus vaccination schedules in healthy adults: A comparative field study in China. Biosci. Rep. 2018, 38, BSR20180846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leuridan, E.; Van Damme, P. Hepatitis B and the need for a booster dose. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 53, 68–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fisman, D.N.; Agrawal, D.; Leder, K. The effect of age on immunologic response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: A meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 35, 1368–1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, F.; Guo, Z.; Dong, C. Influences of obesity on the immunogenicity of Hepatitis B vaccine. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2017, 13, 1014–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fabrizi, F.; Martin, P.; Dixit, V.; Bunnapradist, S.; Dulai, G. Meta-analysis: The effect of age on immunological response to hepatitis B vaccine in end-stage renal disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 20, 1053–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Filippelli, M.; Lionetti, E.; Gennaro, A.; Lanzafame, A.; Arrigo, T.; Salpietro, C.; La Rosa, M.; Leonardi, S. Hepatitis B vaccine by intradermal route in non responder patients: An update. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 10383–10394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pondé, R.A. Atypical serological profiles in hepatitis B virus infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2013, 32, 461–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pondé, R.A. The underlying mechanisms for the "simultaneous HBsAg and anti-HBs serological profile. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2011, 30, 1325–1340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mak, L.Y.; Wong, D.K.; Pollicino, T.; Raimondo, G.; Hollinger, F.B.; Yuen, M.F. Occult hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, virology, hepatocarcinogenesis and clinical significance. J. Hepatol. 2020, 73, 952–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Global Health Sector Strategies on, Respectively, HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections for the Period 2022–2030. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240053779 (accessed on 5 July 2024).
- Bledowski, P.; Mossakowska, M.; Chudek, J.; Grodzicki, T.; Milewicz, A.; Szybalska, A.; Wieczorowska-Tobis, K.; Wiecek, A.; Bartoszek, A.; Dabrowski, A.; et al. Medical, psychological and socioeconomic aspects of aging in Poland: Assumptions and objectives of the PolSenior project. Exp. Gerontol. 2011, 46, 1003–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prakash, O.; Gupta, L.N.; Singh, V.B.; Nagarajarao, G. Applicability of 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale to detect depression in elderly medical outpatients. Asian J. Psychiatr. 2009, 2, 63–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sjöberg, L.; Karlsson, B.; Atti, A.R.; Skoog, I.; Fratiglioni, L.; Wang, H.X. Prevalence of depression: Comparisons of different depression definitions in population-based samples of older adults. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 221, 123–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rewiuk, K.; Wizner, B.; Klich-Rączka, A.; Więcek, A.; Mossakowska, M.; Chudek, J.; Szybalska, A.; Broczek, K.; Zdrojewski, T.; Grodzicki, T. Atrial fibrillation independently linked with depression in community-dwelling older population. Results from the nationwide PolSenior project. Exp. Gerontol. 2018, 112, 88–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Anti-HBc (+) [A] N = 911 | Anti-HBc (−) Anti-HBs (+) [B] N = 1358 | Anti-HBc (−) Anti-HBs (−) [C] N = 3501 | p A vs. C | p B vs. C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] * | 74 (68–82) | 72 (66–80) | 74 (67–82) | 0.55 | <0.001 |
>75 years [N (%)] | 422 (46.3) | 516 (38.0) | 1629 (46.5) | 0.91 | <0.001 |
Sex [N (%)] | |||||
Women | 508 (55.8) | 801 (59.0) | 1625 (46.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Men | 403 (44.2) | 557 (41.0) | 1876 (53.6) | ||
Place of residence [N (%)] | |||||
Village | 279 (30.6) | 429 (31.6) | 1337 (38.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Town < 50,000 citizens | 246 (27.0) | 328 (24.2) | 889 (25.4) | ||
City > 50,000 citizens | 386 (42.4) | 601 (44.2) | 1275 (36.4) | ||
Marital status [N (%)] | |||||
Never married/divorced/separated/ widowed | 382 (42.3) | 510 (38.0) | 1345 (38.9) | 0.06 | 0.55 |
Married | 521 (57.7) | 833 (62.0) | 2111 (61.1) | ||
Educational level [N (%)] | |||||
Vocational, primary or lower | 461 (50.9) | 612 (45.3%) | 2000 (57.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Secondary or higher | 445 (49.1) | 740 (54.7) | 1489 (42.7) | ||
Type of work (current or in the past) [N (%)] | |||||
‘White collar’ | 281 (34.2) | 504 (40.2) | 912 (28.4) | <0.01 | <0.001 |
‘Blue collar’, farmer or other | 541 (65.8) | 751 (59.8) | 2294 (71.6) | ||
Using the Internet [N (%)] | 306 (33.7) | 570 (42.2) | 1074 (30.9) | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Utilization of medical services during the last 5-year period [N (%)] | |||||
At least 1 visit per year to GP | 847 (97.1) | 1279 (98.2) | 3220 (96.8) | 0.60 | <0.05 |
Visits to specialists | 639 (70.5) | 1057 (78.4) | 2459 (70.8) | 0.85 | <0.001 |
Hospitalization | 417 (45.9) | 677 (50.1) | 1519 (43.6) | 0.22 | <0.001 |
Surgical procedures | 281 (31.9) | 502 (38.3) | 990 (29.4) | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus [N (%)] | 251 (27.6) | 300 (22.1) | 951 (27.2) | 0.83 | <0.001 |
Hypertension [N (%)] | 699 (77.0) | 1026 (75.6) | 2716 (77.7) | 0.66 | 0.13 |
Coronary artery disease [N (%)] | 113 (12.7) | 128 (9.7) | 320 (9.4) | 0.01 | 0.38 |
Past stroke [N (%)] | 79 (8.7) | 90 (6.6) | 354 (10.1) | 0.26 | <0.001 |
Heart failure [N (%)] | 206 (22.9) | 253 (18.9) | 739 (21.4) | 0.32 | 0.06 |
Cancer survivors [N (%)] | 59 (6.5) | 100 (7.4) | 219 (6.3) | 0.98 | 0.22 |
Independent in IADL—24 pts [N (%)] | 575 (63.1) | 988 (72.9) | 2212 (63.3) | 0.90 | <0.001 |
Depression in GDS—6–15 pts [N (%)] | 304 (33.4) | 347 (25.6) | 963 (27.5) | <0.001 | 0.17 |
Reported anti-HBV vaccination [N (%)] | 384 (42.2) | 941 (69.3) | 1145 (32.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age > 75 years | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.91 | - | |
Sex | ||||
Men | Ref | Ref | ||
Women | 1.46 (1.26–1.69) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.24–1.68) | <0.001 |
Place of residence | ||||
Village | Ref | Ref | ||
Town < 50,000 citizens | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 0.33 | 1.25 (1.02–1.53) | 0.03 |
City > 50,000 citizens | 1.45 (1.22–1.72) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | Ref | Ref | ||
Never married/divorced/separated/widowed | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 0.06 | - | |
Living alone | 1.29 (1.08–1.54) | 0.005 | - | |
Educational level | ||||
Vocational, primary, or lower | Ref | Ref | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 0.02 |
Type of work (current or in the past) | ||||
‘Blue collar’, farmer, or other | Ref | Ref | ||
‘White collar’ | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) | 0.001 | - | |
Using the Internet | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 0.10 | - | |
Utilization of medical services during the last 5-year period | ||||
At least 1 visit per year to GP | 1.12 (0.72- 1.75) | 0.60 | - | |
Visits to specialists | 0.98 (0.84–1.16) | 0.84 | - | |
Hospitalization | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 0.22 | - | |
Surgical procedures | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | 0.15 | - | |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.82 | - | |
Hypertension | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.65 | - | |
Coronary artery disease | 1.40 (1.11–1.76) | 0.004 | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) | 0.003 |
Past stroke | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.20 | - | |
Heart failure | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 0.31 | - | |
Cancer survivors | 1.03 (0.77–1.39) | 0.83 | - | |
Independent in IADL (24 pts) | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 0.90 | - | |
Depression in GDS (6–15 pts) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.14–1.59) | <0.001 |
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age > 75 years | 0.70 (0.62–0.80) | <0.001 | - | |
Sex | ||||
Men | Ref | Ref | ||
Women | 1.66 (1.46–1.88) | <0.001 | - | |
Place of residence | ||||
City > 50,000 citizens | Ref | Ref | ||
Town < 50,000 citizens | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | 0.003 | - | |
Village | 0.68 (0.59–0.79) | <0.001 | - | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | Ref | Ref | ||
Never married/divorced/separated/widowed | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.55 | - | |
Living alone | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 0.09 | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 0.22 |
Educational level | ||||
Vocational, primary, or lower | Ref | Ref | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.62 (1.43–1.84) | <0.001 | - | |
Type of work (current or in the past) | ||||
‘Blue collar’, farmer or other | Ref | Ref | ||
‘White collar’ | 1.69 (1.47–1.93) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.26–1.70) | <0.001 |
Using the Internet | 1.64 (1.44–1.86) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 0.007 |
Utilization of medical services during the last 5-year period | ||||
At least 1 visit per year to GP | 1.57 (1.14–2.77) | 0.01 | - | |
Visits to specialists | 1.50 (1.29–1.74) | <0.001 | - | |
Hospitalization | 1.30 (1.14–1.47) | <0.001 | - | |
Surgical procedures | 1.49 (1.31–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.30–1.74) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.62–0.97) | 0.02 |
Hypertension | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.12 | - | |
Coronary artery disease | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 0.77 | - | |
Past stroke | 0.63 (0.49–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 0.008 |
Heart failure | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 0.93 |
Independent in IADL (24 pts) | 1.56 (1.35–1.79) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) | <0.001 |
Depression in GDS (6–15 pts) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.17 | - |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zięba, K.; Jagiełło, K.; Musialik, J.; Wierucki, Ł.; Hajduk, A.; Mossakowska, M.; Chudek, J. Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population—Cohort-Based Study. Vaccines 2025, 13, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010018
Zięba K, Jagiełło K, Musialik J, Wierucki Ł, Hajduk A, Mossakowska M, Chudek J. Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population—Cohort-Based Study. Vaccines. 2025; 13(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleZięba, Katarzyna, Kacper Jagiełło, Joanna Musialik, Łukasz Wierucki, Adam Hajduk, Małgorzata Mossakowska, and Jerzy Chudek. 2025. "Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population—Cohort-Based Study" Vaccines 13, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010018
APA StyleZięba, K., Jagiełło, K., Musialik, J., Wierucki, Ł., Hajduk, A., Mossakowska, M., & Chudek, J. (2025). Anti-HBs Positivity Related to Past HBV Infection and Vaccination in Older Adults in Polish Population—Cohort-Based Study. Vaccines, 13(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010018