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11 August 2023

Bespoke Virtual Machine Orchestrator: An Approach for Constructing and Reconfiguring Bespoke Virtual Machine in Private Cloud Environment

,
and
1
Research Institute of Intelligent Logistics Big Data, Pusan National University, Busan 43241, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 43241, Republic of Korea
3
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 43241, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci.2023, 13(16), 9161;https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169161
This article belongs to the Special Issue Cloud Computing and Big Data Systems: New Trends and Applications
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Abstract

A cloud-computing company or user must create a virtual machine to build and operate a cloud environment. With the growth of cloud computing, it is necessary to build virtual machines that reflect the needs of both companies and users. In this study, we propose a bespoke virtual machine orchestrator (BVMO) as a method for constructing a virtual machine. The BVMO builds resource volumes as core assets to meet user requirements and builds virtual machines by reusing and combining these resource volumes. This can increase the reusability and flexibility of virtual-machine construction. A case study was conducted to build a virtual machine by applying the proposed BVMO to an actual OpenStack cloud platform, and it was confirmed that the construction time of the virtual machine was reduced compared with that of the existing method.

1. Introduction

Cloud computing [1,2,3] provides a service environment in which IT resources can be virtualized and used. This computing environment has evolved with the advent of public cloud services [4] such as AWS [5] and Google Cloud [6] and the emergence of open-source platforms that provide private cloud service construction, such as OpenStack [7] and CloudStack [8]. In the case of a public cloud, the user pays a certain amount and receives a prebuilt cloud service. A private cloud [9] is used by a company or user to directly build and use a cloud-service-provision environment. “A Hybrid cloud”, which refers to the use of a public cloud and a private cloud together [10], is also provided.
In the case of public cloud-computing services, companies or users receive services in the form provided by cloud vendors and pay according to service usage. A private cloud environment must be established to reduce the cost of cloud computing and build a cloud-service environment in the form desired by companies or users.
In the case of private clouds, dependence on cloud vendors can be reduced; however, it is difficult to build a desired cloud-service-delivery environment without expert knowledge of the cloud. The most basic technical application for building and receiving cloud services is building a virtual machine. Enterprises or users who build private clouds have different purposes for using the cloud and have different requirements for different operating environments. Therefore, it is important to provide a customized virtual-machine environment suitable for various companies or users who wish to operate a private cloud [11,12,13,14,15].
Recently, infrastructure as code (IaC) [16] has emerged as a concept for automating and providing virtual-machine provision and cloud-infrastructure construction. Tools such as Ansible [17] and Cloud-Init [18], which are used to automate virtual-machine construction as support tools that reflect the concept of IaC, are being researched and developed [19]. In this study, we propose a method for automating the creation and management of custom virtual machines by borrowing the concept of IaC. In addition, to ensure reusability and flexibility in building user virtual machines, we applied the concept of software product lines to build resource volumes used for virtual machines as core assets and presented an approach to utilize them. We proposed a bespoke virtual machine orchestrator (BVMO) to build a user-customized virtual machine by applying these concepts.
The contributions of the BVMO proposed in this study are as follows: (1) providing a foundation to support user-customized virtual machine construction and management in a multi-private cloud environment by combining volumes provided from provisioning resource pools; (2) establishing a reuse virtuous cycle system that enables new reuse by re-registering virtual-machine resources created by users for the provisioning resource pool; and (3) solving technical difficulties in building virtual machines by applying BVMO without using command line interface (CLI) or application programming interface (API).
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces previous studies related to the creation and management of virtual machines. Section 3 describes the architecture, process and application of BVMO. Section 4 presents a case study and an evaluation of the process of creating a custom virtual machine using BVMO, and Section 5 concludes the paper.

3. Bespoke Virtual Machine Orchestrator

3.1. Conceptual Process for Bespoke Virtual Machine Orchestrator

The BVMO allows the creation and management of user-customized virtual machines in a private cloud environment. Figure 1 shows the conceptual steps for building a virtual environment by applying the proposed provisioning resource pool.
Figure 1. Conceptual Process of BVMO.
First, in the resource-pool-construction step, provisioning resources are divided into operating system, software and data-resource items. Operating system resources include CentOS and Ubuntu, which operate the virtual machines. Software resources refer to various software programs, such as GCC [37], Java [38] and Python [39], that users require in a virtual environment. Data resources represent various structured and unstructured data, such as text, documents, images and videos.
Next, in the resource-pool-selection step, the user selects the desired resources from a prebuilt resource pool. Because prebuilt resources are provided, users can easily combine the desired components of a virtual environment through selection.
The setting and combination of the selected resource items are performed in the resource-configuration step.
Finally, in the customized-VM-creation step, a user-customized virtual machine reflecting the settings and combinations is created. Figure 2 shows the application of the process described above.
Figure 2. Conceptual Application of BVMO.
As shown in Figure 2, the proposed method creates various provisioning resource pools (data and software) and provides flexibility in building a virtual environment by combining resource pools that satisfy the needs of each user.

3.2. Analysis of Cloud Resource Features and Cloud Functional Flow

Currently used public and private cloud platforms configure and provide independent virtual machines; therefore, virtual machines are configured based on platform-dependent virtual-machine specifications [40,41,42,43,44]. Table 3 lists the classifications of common specifications for supporting various virtual machines.
Table 3. Common Specifications of Cloud Platforms.
Among the categories listed in Table 3, the VM specifications contain the metadata required to specify the VM and the resource-size information required to drive the VM. Resource specifications include the information necessary for operating software, such as an OS, and the details of the storage device on which the software is loaded. The interface specification contains the network information and policy through which the VM communicates.
The aforementioned specifications are interpreted according to the schedule flow of the cloud platform and reflected in the platform. The basic feature request flows of OpenStack and CloudStack are as follows.
For OpenStack:
  • Issuance of tokens (temporal data for authority execution) according to user identification;
  • Authorization to compare issued tokens;
  • API specification and request that the user wants to perform;
  • Execution of functions within the platform of the specified API.
For CloudStack:
  • Create a secret key that combines the API key existing in the user’s identification and the request function;
  • Authorization of secret key;
  • Request for functions that the user wants to perform;
  • Execution of functions within the platform of the specified API.
From the flow above, a common execution flow can be extracted as follows.
  • Authority information issued based on user-identification information;
  • Authorization based on authority information;
  • Execute request with authority information based on request interface;
  • Performance and processing of API functions suitable for the purpose.
Figure 3 shows the dependencies of the basic components, including the IaC of the OpenStack platform, which is currently used as a private cloud.
Figure 3. OpenStack-Component Functional-Dependency Diagram.
The components shown in Figure 3 consist of a keystone that implements authentication and authorization; Nova, Neutron and Cinder, which perform direct resource management such as instance, network and block storage in the cloud platform; and Heat, an IaC tool that supports management.

3.3. Architecture of Bespoke Virtual Machine Orchestrator

A virtual-environment-construction architecture using provisioning resources is employed to realize the construction process presented in Section 3.1, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Architecture.
Table 4 describes the main components of the architecture presented in Figure 4.
Table 4. Main Component in Architecture.
The main modules of each component implement the following roles:
  • Resource Template Management: this manages templates that specify the provisioning of resource-binding information that reflects user requirements;
  • Pool Management: this supports creation, reading, updating and deletion (CRUD) of provisioned resources and the allocation of provisioned resources according to interpretation of user requirements;
  • Virtual Machine Creation: this interprets template information and creates a virtual environment in which the provisioning resources are bound;
  • Virtual Machine Configuration: this supports the creation, reconfiguration and assembly of orchestration templates to combine provisioned resources;
  • Authority Management: this authenticates users and provides access to provisioning resources;
  • Request Management: this invokes the application-programming interface (API) of the cloud platform that performs provisioning resource integration and requests resource combinations.
Table 5 lists the resources used in the architecture.
Table 5. Resource Information.
As presented in the architecture, the provisioning-resource-handler component manages the provisioning resources and resource templates. The delivery of provisioned resources and API calls are delivered by an access-handler component. The virtual-environment-handler component combines resource items and creates templates based on them. In addition, it creates, separates and combines provisioned resources using templates. Therefore, a virtual environment reflecting these resources was built. The corresponding application scenarios are described in Section 3.4.
Figure 5 shows the inclusion relationship based on the functional flow analyzed in Section 3.2 for the function and related resources of the proposed architecture.
Figure 5. Architecture Hierarchy.
The hierarchy shown in Figure 5 is based on the dependencies of the OpenStack components shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 5, the authority management of the access handler is executed first. After the authority is normally executed, resource pool management, resource template management, VM creation and VM management are performed according to the given functions in the request management.

3.4. Application Scenario for BVMO

The BVMO allows the creation and management of user-customized virtual machines in a private cloud environment. Figure 6 shows an application scenario involving a virtual-machine system based on the architecture presented in Section 3.3, in which a virtual environment is built by applying the provisioning resource pool proposed in this study. When requesting the creation of a virtual environment, the user requirements were collected and analyzed. Subsequently, provisioning resources suitable for the requirements were delivered. The virtual-environment-creation management system combines resource items by reflecting requirements (selected resource information). It also creates a template that describes the resource-combination information that can be interpreted and executed on a cloud platform. The created template is used to combine the necessary resources, and a user-customized virtual environment is created by applying additional information such as the network settings required when creating a virtual environment.
Figure 6. Application Scenario.

4. Case Study and Evaluation

4.1. Case Study

In this section, a case study that implements the proposed method is presented. This case study presents the process of building a virtual machine that conducts web classes on a cloud platform based on a BVMO dashboard.
The environment and software applied to the BVMO development are presented as a dashboard system, as in Table 6, and OpenStack was used as the target platform to which the VM was applied.
Table 6. Case Study Environment.
(1)
BVMO dashboard
Figure 7 shows the BVMO dashboard implemented by applying the concept presented in this study.
Figure 7. BVMO Dashboard.
The dashboard is divided into four views. No. 1 ‘Exist Virtual Machine View’ is the basic information of the previously created VM, providing information to check the VM’s deployed ID and deployment location. No. 2 ‘Exist Virtual Machine Resource View’ can check resources specified by the selected VM, and representative information of VM configuration, such as VM hardware information and OS, is displayed. In No. 3, ‘Provisioning Resource Pool View’ can check the pre-established resources that exist in the provisioning resource pool presented in this study. Number 4 ‘Selected Resources View’ is for the final confirmation before providing the resources selected in views No. 2 and No. 3 as templates.
Each resource type in view No. 3 is enlarged as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Provisioning Resource Pool View.
As shown in Figure 8, the resource type was created by dividing it into empty, which provides empty storage space; OS, which provides an operating system; software, which provides software against the operating system; and data resources, which provide data for specific purposes. Because data should be provided most fundamentally in the software stack constituting the service, a provisioning pool was built by classifying them as above.
(2)
A case study on building a virtual machine for web classes using BVMO
Figure 9 shows the results of selecting provisioning resources and VM specifications when building a virtual machine for web classes.
Figure 9. Web-Class Case—Selected Resources.
As shown in Figure 9, if the selected virtual machine specifications and provisioning resources are selected, they are reflected in the selected resource view, and by applying these details, BVMO internally creates a terraform template for IaC utilization. Figure 10 shows the created terraform template.
Figure 10. Web-Class Case—Terraform Template Example.
Figure 10 shows a created terraform template that maps the provisioning resources to virtual machines. Figure 11 shows the VM volume tree created by BVMO during the integration process.
Figure 11. Web-Class Case—Virtual-Machine Volume Tree.
As shown in Figure 11, it can be confirmed that node version manager (NVM v0.39.4) software (in/mnt/vdb) for web classes, pdf files of lecture materials (in/mnt/vdc) and video lecture materials (in/mnt/vdd) imported from existing data resources are loaded into the virtual machine and that the software is normally executed, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Web-Class Case—Software Check.

4.2. Qualitative Evaluation

A qualitative evaluation suggests a method to show flexibility and a method to show the reusability of the proposed method. To demonstrate whether the system was flexible, the combinability of the provisioning resources used in this study was reviewed.
Assuming that all coupling dependencies between provisioned resources are resolved, the number of coupling cases can be extracted as follows:
T h e   n u m b e r   o f   I n s t a n c e s = ∑ k = 1 N C N ,   k
C N , k = N ! k ! N − k ! ,     N = t o t a l   n u m b e r   o f   p r o v i s i o n i n g   r e s o u r c e s
If this was applied to the 12 provisioning resources used in the case study and calculated, a total of 4095 virtual-machine combinations were derived. The above results show the flexibility corresponding to the case in which provisioning resources are independent.
Dependencies may also exist between provisioned resources. For example, if the OS is Windows, software that can operate on Windows should be selected. This type of relationship can be resolved by creating a combination table (Table 7) because the cases differ depending on the OS, software and data that must be selected. Table 7 lists some of the combined cases based on the web-class case study and the case study system presented in this study.
Table 7. Resource Coupling Table.
As listed in Table 7, meaningful cases indicate cases in which a virtual machine combination is configured to meet the user’s requirements in consideration of dependencies (for example, in Case 1 (web-class case study), selecting software for web classes and OS, and data compatible with the corresponding software), and unmeaningful cases indicate cases in which dependencies are not resolved or are unclear.
To demonstrate the reusability of BVMO, the application of a virtual machine built into the web class introduced above is presented. If a DB class is newly created and only the applied software and data are different, the VM components of the OS of the existing web class can be reused and applied to create a new VM. Figure 13 shows the change from web-class VM to DB-class VM through reuse.
Figure 13. Web-Class VM to DB-Class VM.
Figure 13 shows that the VM’s OS and other specific elements were reused, and the provisioned resources were changed to support the type of class to be performed. In addition, it can be confirmed that keypairs were newly specified to support additional security performance.

4.3. Quantitative Evaluation

A comparative analysis of the method of applying BVMO, the system proposed in this study, and the method of creating a VM using only existing IaC tools was performed. OpenStack, a private cloud, was used for the experiment. In addition, to establish time measurement standards for each case, the log analysis process that occurred when creating a VM in OpenStack was performed.
Figure 14 shows an excerpt of the parts that can be utilized among the logs generated when creating a VM in OpenStack.
Figure 14. OpenStack Logs for Quantitative Evaluation.
As shown in Figure 14, the OpenStack Nova component undergoes a two-step process to create an instance. The instance-creation process starts at the instance-create start time and provides the information received for VM creation to the hypervisor. Instance-spawning time measures the time taken to spawn an instance that Nova can control by receiving the VM created by the hypervisor. The Instance-build time refers to the time required to build a runnable VM during the verification process of the spawned instance.
The VM created above performs an initialization to build an environment that users can utilize. Cloud-init is currently used as a cloud-instance-initialization tool. Figure 15 shows an excerpt from the cloud-init logs that can be utilized.
Figure 15. Cloud-Init Logs for Quantitative Evaluation.
In the case of cloud-init-execution logs, the data that can be utilized are the start and end times. The process of measuring the VM creation time based on the log-analysis results derived from Figure 14 and Figure 15 is shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16. VM-Creation Flow for Quantitative Evaluation.
Based on the time-measurement elements shown in Figure 16, the configuration of the experiment was divided into two cases when creating a VM: (1) when creating an empty instance with only the OS installed and (2) when performing software installation in the user-environment-initialization stage.
In the case of the method using IaC listed in Table 8, the spawn time was 1.94 s on average, and the build time was 2.216 s on average. When using the BVMO presented in this study, the average spawn time was 3.154 s, and the average build time was 5.384 s. The execution time, according to the specification interpretation, occurred in the process of the BVMO reusing existing resources.
Table 8. Test 1—VM with OS.
In addition, in the case of the initialization time, the method using IaC averaged 110.256 s, and the method using BVMO averaged 84.94 s, resulting in a reduction of approximately 25.316 s in the proposed BVMO. The initialization time of the OS, which is a major element of the computing system among existing resources, affects the initial creation speed of the VM. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the approach of pre-creating the combined OS resources proposed by the BVMO is effective.
For the total execution time, the results include the spawn time, build time, initialization time and idle time according to the progress of the VM-creation flow. An average of 117.2 s for the IaC method and 95.6 s for the BVMO method were measured. It was confirmed that the proposed BVMO method could perform as fast as 21.8 s.
Table 9 lists the experimental results for performing the software installation required by the user during the user-environment-initialization step. The software used in the experiment was performed by adopting npm, which can be installed from a Linux package repository.
Table 9. Test 2—VM with Software.
In the case of the method using IaC, as listed in Table 9, the spawn time was 1.832 s on average, and the build time was 2.1 s on average. When using the BVMO presented in this study, the average spawn time was 3.088 s, and the average build time was 5.318 s. This result was similar to the experimental results derived from Test 1.
In addition, in the case of initialization time, the average execution time of the method using IaC was 280.652 s, and that of the method using BVMO was 92.136 s. It was confirmed that a difference of 188.489 s appeared between the cases where software was used among the provisioning resources and those where it was not. In the case of OS, there are various supports in terms of platforms and hypervisors, except for special cases (e.g., Baremetal system); however, in the case of software that operates internally, a large difference appears as the time required to download and set up the software, and this is reflected in the user-environment-initialization stage.
The total execution time of Test 2 was 309.2 s for the method using IaC and 102.6 s for the method using BVMO.
Table 10 lists the experimental results for increasing the number of software packages when creating a VM following Test 1 and Test 2.
Table 10. Test 3—VM with Number of Two Software.
As listed in Table 10, in the case of the method using IaC, the average spawn time was 2.522 s, and the average build time was 3.042 s. When BVMO was used, the average spawn time was 3.122 s, and the average build time was 5.394 s. In the previous IaC method, the spawn time was approximately 1.9 s, and the build time was approximately 2.1 s; however, the average values differed by about 0.6 s and 0.9 s, respectively. This appears to occur because the IaC specification analysis process is added according to the software addition. However, because the BVMO method performs only volume connections, it is confirmed that there is no significant difference from the previous results.
In addition, the initialization time of the method using IaC was 455.384 s on average, and that of the method using BVMO was 92.584 s. This was confirmed by an increase in the load on the system as the software was added. However, it was confirmed through several experiments that BVMO, which only performs volume connections, produces consistent results.
As for the total execution time according to the increase in software, it was confirmed that IaC had an average of 458 s and BVMO had an average of 103.2 s.
Figure 17 shows the results of each experiment performed.
Figure 17. All Test Comparison Results.
As a result, it was confirmed that BVMO consistently has a time-reduction effect compared with the method using IaC. In contrast to the IaC method, which differs in time depending on the software provision, BVMO showed a consistent required time in each experiment. This is assumed to occur because BVMO utilizes provisioned resources, does not require additional resource-preparation time and operates consistently to create virtual machines (volume mapping after instance preparation).

5. Conclusions

We propose BVMO, a method that can increase reusability and flexibly create user-customized virtual machines. In contrast to existing virtual-machine-creation methods, a process and architecture for constructing a new customized virtual machine by configuring and combining a resource volume pool were established. The proposed method was specified by applying OpenStack, an actual open-source platform, and it was confirmed that this approach cloud reduce time and cost compared with existing methods. Therefore, the proposed BVMO can be applied to create a VM that satisfies user requirements and promotes the introduction of private clouds by organizations or companies by solving the technical difficulties in building a virtual machine. Currently, research is in progress on a mechanism that introduces artificial intelligence (AI) technology and recommends various provisioning resources in the resource pool of the proposed BVMO according to user needs. Additionally, research on a management structure that collects and manages historical data related to the resource pool, such as the frequency of use of the provisioned resources of the resource pool by users when creating VMs, requirements and mapping information for VM resources selected by requirements, is underway. In the future, we plan to expand the proposed BVMO to a virtual-machine-mediation framework that classifies and recommends VMs and research-related technologies.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.P.; methodology, J.P.; software, S.J.; validation, S.J.; project administration, K.Y.; funding acquisition, K.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. NRF-2021R1A2C1006177).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Air-Entrained FRC Containing Zeolitic Tuff
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