Effect of Poultry and Goat Manures on the Nutrient Content of Sesamum alatum Leafy Vegetables
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Seed Sourcing
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil and Manure Analysis
2.4. Proximate Analysis
2.5. Mineral Analysis
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Nutrient Content
3.2. Macro-Nutrients
3.2.1. Acid Detergent Fibre and Neutral Detergent Fibre
3.2.2. Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium
3.2.3. Fat
3.2.4. Phosphorus
3.2.5. Protein
3.3. Micro-Nutrients
4. Discussion
4.1. Macro-Nutrients
4.1.1. Acid and Neutral Detergent Fibres
4.1.2. Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium
4.1.3. Fat
4.1.4. Phosphorus
4.1.5. Proteins
4.2. Micro-Nutrients
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Temperature (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | RH (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | |||
Max. | Min. | Max. | Min. | |||||
January | 31.9 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 19.2 | 59.0 | 73.6 | 73 | 80 |
February | 30.1 | 20.5 | 30.2 | 20.4 | 145.2 | 144.2 | 79 | 81 |
March | 30.2 | 19.7 | 30.5 | 20.7 | 94.2 | 58.0 | 79 | 80 |
April | 28.6 | 18.4 | 27.5 | 17.9 | 153.4 | 146.6 | 80 | 82 |
May | 25.7 | 15.2 | 27.2 | 15.5 | 334.0 | 7.6 | 80 | 78 |
June | 24.6 | 12.4 | 26.1 | 12.1 | 64.4 | 47.2 | 78 | 74 |
July | 24.3 | 12.0 | 27.0 | 11.1 | 15.0 | 21.6 | 75 | 66 |
August | 24.1 | 13.8 | 26.3 | 15.3 | 89.2 | 56.0 | 75 | 76 |
September | 26.7 | 15.4 | 26.7 | 14.9 | 59.0 | 95.2 | 76 | 74 |
October | 26.2 | 15.3 | 28.7 | 17.1 | 200.2 | 138.2 | 76 | 76 |
November | 27.1 | 17.1 | 29.0 | 18.9 | 86.6 | 128.4 | 75 | 80 |
December | 30.2 | 20.6 | 28.7 | 18.9 | 12.8 | 317.8 | 77 | 80 |
Mean | 27.48 | 16.69 | 28.12 | 16.83 | 109.41 | 102.87 | 76.92 | 77.25 |
Available Nutrients | Season One | Season Two | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil | Manures | Soil | Manures | |||
Sandy-Loam | Poultry | Goat | Sandy-Loam | Poultry | Goat | |
Organic carbon (%) | 0.5 | >6 | >6 | 0.6 | >6 | >6 |
Nitrogen (%) | <0.05 | >0.6 | >0.6 | <0.05 | >0.6 | >0.6 |
Phosphorus (mg L−1) | 5.00 | 890.00 | 350.00 | 15.00 | 940.00 | 500.00 |
Potassium (mg L−1) | 32.00 | 4076.00 | 2216.00 | 58.00 | 2656.00 | 12,696.00 |
Calcium (mg L−1) | 337.00 | 791.00 | 2966.00 | 340.00 | 1241.00 | 1773.00 |
Magnesium (mg L−1) | 112.00 | 574.00 | 857.00 | 94.00 | 997.00 | 857.00 |
Zinc (mg L−1) | 1.50 | 72.20 | 29.30 | 6.40 | 59.00 | 18.20 |
Manganese (mg L−1) | 26.00 | 62.00 | 25.00 | 31.00 | 37.00 | 10.00 |
Copper (mg L−1) | 0.80 | 4.90 | 0.90 | 3.70 | 4.20 | 0.80 |
pH (KCl) | 4.68 | 7.70 | 7.19 | 4.63 | 7.06 | 7.54 |
Season | Macronutrients (%) | Micronutrients (ppm) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADF | NDF | Ca | Mg | K | K/Ca + Mg | Fat | P | Protein | Cu | Fe | Mn | Na | Zn | ||
One | 20.34 b | 29.39 | 0.91 a | 0.54 a | 2.96 a | 0.80 a | 3.98 | 0.29 a | 36.76 a | 11.48 a | 399.00 a | 64.48 a | 1500.00 a | 49.67 a | |
Two | 22.51 a | 30.11 | 0.68 b | 0.38 b | 2.00 b | 0.76 b | 3.39 | 0.25 b | 34.12 b | 7.52 b | 198.33 b | 46.62 b | 900.00 b | 40.48 b | |
Significance | *** | NS | *** | *** | *** | *** | NS | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Manure (t ha−1) | |||||||||||||||
Control | 0 | 22.57 a | 30.75 a | 0.35 c | 0.20 e | 1.06 d | 0.80 ab | 2.88 ab | 0.08 d | 36.09 a | 5.00 c | 253.00 dc | 38.00 d | 700.00 d | 29.00 d |
Poultry | 1 | 20.96 ab | 29.61 ab | 1.01 a | 0.58 abc | 3.00 ab | 0.78 bc | 3.23 ab | 0.33 abc | 33.39 c | 11.00 ab | 307.67 abc | 60.67 b | 1300.00 bc | 49.33 ab |
2 | 20.07 b | 27.50 b | 0.72 b | 0.44 bcd | 2.65 abc | 0.76 c | 2.03 b | 0.27 abc | 36.77 a | 8.67 bc | 269.17 bcd | 52.00 bc | 1100.00 c | 45.83 abc | |
3 | 21.11 ab | 28.32 ab | 0.67 b | 0.36 ed | 1.96 c | 0.77 bc | 3.56 ab | 0.25 bc | 35.91 a | 8.50 bc | 227.33 d | 43.00 cd | 1100.00 c | 42.83 bc | |
Goat | 1 | 21.68 ab | 29.86 ab | 1.08 a | 0.59 ab | 3.28 a | 0.82 a | 4.66 a | 0.37 a | 33.63 bc | 13.67 a | 352.50 a | 91.50 a | 1600.00 a | 57.33 a |
2 | 21.20 ab | 30.84 a | 0.70 b | 0.42 cd | 2.23 bc | 0.80 ab | 4.78 a | 0.22 c | 36.69 a | 5.67 c | 349.00 a | 48.17 bcd | 1200.00 bc | 36.00 cd | |
3 | 22.37 ab | 31.38 a | 1.06 a | 0.64 a | 3.16 a | 0.77 bc | 4.65 a | 0.35 ab | 35.61 ab | 14.00 a | 332.00 ab | 55.50 bc | 1500.00 ab | 55.17 ab | |
Significance | * | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Season × Manure (t ha−1) | Macronutrients (%) | Micronutrients (ppm) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADF | NDF | Ca | Mg | K | K/Ca + Mg | Fat | P | Protein | Cu | Fe | Mn | Na | Zn | ||
S1—Control | 0 | 23.59 a | 32.31 a | 0.35 cd | 0.20 c | 1.06 c | 0.80 a–d | 2.86 bc | 0.08 d | 36.78 abc | 5.00 de | 253.00 de | 38.00 de | 700.00 cd | 29.00 de |
S1—Poultry | 1 | 19.90 abc | 29.73 abc | 1.01 ab | 0.58 ab | 3.00 a | 0.78 bcd | 3.88 abc | 0.33 ab | 37.84 ab | 11.00 a–d | 307.67 cd | 60.67 bc | 1500.00 ab | 49.33 a–d |
2 | 17.89 c | 26.71 bc | 0.82 abc | 0.55 ab | 3.76 a | 0.83 ab | 1.40 c | 0.28 abc | 39.89 a | 10.00 cd | 401.00 bc | 65.00 bc | 1500.00 ab | 55.00 abc | |
3 | 18.93 bc | 26.07 c | 1.17 a | 0.63 a | 3.45 a | 0.80 a–d | 3.64 abc | 0.43 ab | 36.91 abc | 16.33 ab | 406.00 bc | 74.00 ab | 1900.00 a | 63.00 ab | |
S1—Goat | 1 | 20.69 abc | 29.73 abc | 1.07 ab | 0.56 ab | 3.14 a | 0.81 abc | 6.73 a | 0.34 ab | 33.63 c | 16.33 ab | 460.00 ab | 92.00 a | 1800.00 a | 58.67 ab |
2 | 19.83 abc | 30.53 abc | 1.08 ab | 0.62 a | 3.48 a | 0.85 a | 4.82 ab | 0.32 ab | 36.69 abc | 10.33 bcd | 544.00 a | 73.33 ab | 1800.00 a | 50.00 a-d | |
3 | 21.55 abc | 31.13 abc | 0.90 ab | 0.62 a | 2.84 ab | 0.76 cd | 4.51 abc | 0.25 bcd | 35.61 bc | 11.33 abc | 421.33 b | 48.33 cd | 1500.00 ab | 42.67 b–e | |
S2—Control | 0 | 21.54 abc | 29.18 abc | 0.35 cd | 0.20 c | 1.06 c | 0.80 a–d | 2.58 bc | 0.08 d | 35.61 bc | 5.00 de | 253.00 de | 38.00 de | 700.00 cd | 29.00 de |
S2—Poultry | 1 | 22.03 ab | 29.94 abc | 1.01 ab | 0.58 ab | 3.00 a | 0.78 bcd | 2.66 bc | 0.33 ab | 28.94 d | 11.00 a–d | 307.67 cd | 60.67 bc | 1000.00 bc | 49.33 a–d |
2 | 22.25 ab | 28.29 abc | 0.62 bcd | 0.33 bc | 1.55 bc | 0.68 e | 3.48 abc | 0.25 bcd | 33.65 c | 7.33 cd | 137.33 fg | 39.00 de | 800.00 cd | 36.67 cde | |
3 | 23.30 a | 30.57 abc | 0.17 d | 0.10 c | 0.48 c | 0.74 de | 4.51 abc | 0.08 d | 34.91 bc | 0.67 e | 48.67 g | 12.00 f | 400.00 d | 22.67 e | |
S2—Goat | 1 | 22.67 ab | 29.98 abc | 1.10 a | 0.61 a | 3.43 a | 0.83 ab | 2.59 bc | 0.41 ab | 33.63 c | 11.00 a–d | 245.00 def | 91.00 a | 1400.00 ab | 56.00 abc |
2 | 22.57 ab | 31.16 abc | 0.33 d | 0.21 c | 0.97 c | 0.74 de | 4.75 ab | 0.12 cd | 36.69 abc | 1.00 e | 154.00 efg | 23.00 ef | 500.00 cd | 22.00 e | |
3 | 23.20 a | 31.64 ab | 1.21 a | 0.66 a | 3.48 a | 0.77 bcd | 4.79 ab | 0.46 a | 35.61 bc | 16.67 a | 242.67 def | 62.67 bc | 1500.00 ab | 67.67 a | |
Significance | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
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Mbatha, K.C.; Mchunu, C.N.; Mavengahama, S.; Ntuli, N.R. Effect of Poultry and Goat Manures on the Nutrient Content of Sesamum alatum Leafy Vegetables. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11933. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411933
Mbatha KC, Mchunu CN, Mavengahama S, Ntuli NR. Effect of Poultry and Goat Manures on the Nutrient Content of Sesamum alatum Leafy Vegetables. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(24):11933. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411933
Chicago/Turabian StyleMbatha, Khulekani Cyprian, Charmaine Ntokozo Mchunu, Sydney Mavengahama, and Nontuthuko Rosemary Ntuli. 2021. "Effect of Poultry and Goat Manures on the Nutrient Content of Sesamum alatum Leafy Vegetables" Applied Sciences 11, no. 24: 11933. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411933