Nodding Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Risks Factors, Access to Treatment, and Perceptions in the Greater Mundri Area, South Sudan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Study Design and Procedures
2.3. Data Quality
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Nodding Syndrome
3.2. Risk Factors for Nodding Syndrome, Case–Control Study
3.3. Access to Treatment and Perceptions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features | Number (%) |
---|---|
Head nodding | 224 (100) |
Generalized convulsions | 160 (71.4) |
Triggered by cold temperature | 116 (59.8) |
Triggered by the sight of food | 108 (55.7) |
Wasting | 17 (23.6) |
Stunted growth | 16 (22.2) |
Speech disorder | 14 (19.4) |
Absences | 10 (13.9) |
Delayed sexual development | 9 (17.3) |
Behavioral abnormalities | 4 (5.6) |
Cases (n = 224) | Controls (n = 238) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | |||
Male gender | ||||||
110 | 49.6 | 129 | 54.7 | 1.28 (0.97–1.69) | 0.07 | |
Consumption of bushmeat | ||||||
Monkey | 41 | 46.1 | 29 | 43.3 | 1.12 (0.56–2.23) | 0.73 |
Baboon | 34 | 38.2 | 22 | 32.8 | 1.26 (0.62–2.61) | 0.49 |
Elephant | 44 | 49.4 | 32 | 47.8 | 1.07 (0.54–2.12) | 0.84 |
Antilope | 65 | 73.0 | 53 | 79.1 | 0.72 (0.31–1.61) | 0.38 |
Buffalo | 53 | 59.5 | 44 | 65.7 | 0.77 (0.38–1.56) | 0.44 |
Squirrels | 48 | 53.9 | 39 | 58.2 | 0.84 ( 0.42–1.67) | 0.59 |
Bats | 5 | 5.6 | 1 | 1.5 | 3.92 (0.42–188.55) | 0.18 |
Rat meat | 11 | 12.4 | 1 | 1.5 | 9.31 (1.27–406.51) | 0.01 |
Use of ivermectin | ||||||
Ivermectin intake during the last 5 years | 36 | 64.3 | 514 | 42.8 | 2.40 (1.33–4.43) | 0.002 |
Ivermectin doses received: 1 | 47 | 83.9 | 1,018 | 84.8 | 0.93 (0.44–2.21) | 0.85 |
Ivermectin doses received: 2 | 9 | 16.1 | 182 | 15.2 | 1.07 (0.45–2.26) | 0.85 |
Exposure and behavior | ||||||
Share bedroom with other children currently or in the pass | 10 | 11.2 | 46 | 65.7 | 0.06 (0.02–0.16) | <0.001 |
Share a bedroom with adults currently or in the past | 27 | 30.3 | 43 | 61.4 | 0.27 (0.13–0.56) | <0.001 |
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Abd-Elfarag, G.O.E.; Mathewson, J.D.; Emmanuel, L.; Edridge, A.W.D.; van Beers, S.; Sebit, M.B.; Colebunders, R.; van Hensbroek, M.B.; Rood, E.J.J. Nodding Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Risks Factors, Access to Treatment, and Perceptions in the Greater Mundri Area, South Sudan. Pathogens 2023, 12, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020190
Abd-Elfarag GOE, Mathewson JD, Emmanuel L, Edridge AWD, van Beers S, Sebit MB, Colebunders R, van Hensbroek MB, Rood EJJ. Nodding Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Risks Factors, Access to Treatment, and Perceptions in the Greater Mundri Area, South Sudan. Pathogens. 2023; 12(2):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020190
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd-Elfarag, Gasim O. E., Jake D. Mathewson, Lukudu Emmanuel, Arthur W. D. Edridge, Stella van Beers, Mohamed B. Sebit, Robert Colebunders, Michaël B. van Hensbroek, and Ente J. J. Rood. 2023. "Nodding Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Risks Factors, Access to Treatment, and Perceptions in the Greater Mundri Area, South Sudan" Pathogens 12, no. 2: 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020190
APA StyleAbd-Elfarag, G. O. E., Mathewson, J. D., Emmanuel, L., Edridge, A. W. D., van Beers, S., Sebit, M. B., Colebunders, R., van Hensbroek, M. B., & Rood, E. J. J. (2023). Nodding Syndrome: Clinical Characteristics, Risks Factors, Access to Treatment, and Perceptions in the Greater Mundri Area, South Sudan. Pathogens, 12(2), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020190